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| Analysis of Abiotic and Biotic Parameters Analogous to Pollution Accumulation in River Yamuna at Petha Nagri (27.1767°N, 78.0081°E) U.P., India | |||||||
| Paper Id :
16084 Submission Date :
2022-05-17 Acceptance Date :
2022-05-23 Publication Date :
2022-05-24
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| Abstract |
Water quality was tested in terms of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics along a 15-meter section of the Yamuna river that was separated into four sites: (a) Kailash ghat, (b) Poiya ghat (non-industrial site), (c) Jawahar bridge, and (d) near Tajmahal (industrial site). The significant increase in the quantity of faecal coliforms in this study indicates that water contamination is increasing at an alarming rate. Various polluted illnesses are caused by these bacteria. Except for dissolved oxygen, the results of this study show that all other parameters, such as temperature, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, suspended solids, BOD, COD, Coliform, and feacal coliform bacteria, increase gradually from upstream site A to downstream sites B, C, and D of the Yamuna river. This clearly shows that the variations in these indicators were caused by continual pollution mixing in the Yamuna River.
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| Keywords | BOD, COD, Coliform, Nitrate, Carbonate, pH. | ||||||
| Introduction |
Water is basic necessity for living beings because without water various mechanical and Physio-chemicals activities cannot sustain. The increasing population, galloping technology and economic development has created awareness of environment crises and need for balancing the nature.
Industrialization, urbanization, population explosion and green revolution how deteriorated the various sources of water.
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| Objective of study | To evaluate the physioco-chemical and biological parameters analogous to pollution of river Yamuna. |
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| Review of Literature |
Water of river Yamuna is used for drinking, bathing irrigation and also used for discharge of industrial wastes, sewage and solid wastes which results in the change of biotic compounds of the eco-system.
As Yamuna flows from different industrial cities, it becomes polluted due to which B.O.D. in the river often rises to 10 to 20mg/L against a permissible limit of 3mg/L. Roughly approximate 650 MLD of waste is also discharged in Yamuna from different cities which are situated on the bank of the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh.
Many Tanneries and silver platting and Small pesticide industries are discharged without any treatment in river Yamuna.
The population of Agra region is nearly 14 Lakhs 18x105 and requirement of water is more than 320 MLD;
Liminological studies on pollution and biodiversity of various water bodies have been reported by Singh et al. (2002), Sarita and Mishra (2005). Many workers contributed the work in relation between different Physico-chemical parameters, density with the biodiversity of fish fauna Tiwari (2005), Rozina Khatun (2017).
Keeping above works in mind, the present investigation was undertaken to assess the Limino- ecological association in relation to pollution of river Yamuna at (Petha Nagri) |
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| Methodology | Water samples were collected from four different sites monthly from June 2020 to May 2021 during morning by using washed and dried polythene bottle of 1 litre. The parameters like temperature of air and water measured with the help of centigrade mercury Thermometer, depth of water with the straight and painted bamboo pole, transparency by Succhi Disc, pH meter were analysed in the laboratory by using standard methods of APHA (1995).
For coliform and feacal coliform, samples were collected by filtering two litre of water from each experimental site through a planktonic net.
Samples were fixed at the spot in 5% formaline, in laboratory with the help of Sedgewick rafter counting cell and identified by Edmondson (1959) method. |
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| Result and Discussion |
The present study shows that there is a
high value of chloride, nitrate , Calcium and Sulphate during summer season
which is due to increased rate of decomposition of organic matter because of
high temperature and concentrate sewage discharge and solid wastes from its
surrounding. The fecal Coliform and Coliform are going to increase which are
responsible for various contaminant disease for human being as well as cattles
who used water for drinking.
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| Findings | Various Physio-chemical Parameters of the river Yamuna were presented in given Table. Data obtained from the study shows that temperature of water was lower than air temperature. The higher temperature of the air may be possible due to high intensity, longer photoperiod. It is supported by Jain yatish and Dhamija. (2000)the lower temperature of water due to the effect of cold wind and low intensity of light. In an aquatic environment the variation in temperature is one of the most important factors. It has a great bearing on the Coliform and Faecal Coliform production and regulating the activities of the fishes, the water temperature is also directly related to the atmospheric temperature. The depth of water in Yamuna River ranged from 2.5. Meter to 6.5 Meter where as the highest depth was during monsoon period, the studied depth is suitable to sustain the life of fishes, Jhingram (1982). The transparency of water ranged from 26.2 cm to 85.4 cm. Low transparency was observed during monsoon period which started increasing till it reached its maximum during winter season. This might be due to increase in the suspended colloidal organic matter and detritus, Mishra and Patel (2001). The pH recorded during rainy season and maximum during winter which is suitable for sustaining the various fauna of water. The increased rate of decomposition of organic matters, influx of CO2 sources of high water temperature caused low pH value during monsoon, Deepmala et al. (2006). The water remains acidic to alkaline throughout the observation period. The visibility of water was lowest during rainy season. Acidic range of pH observed in Pre and late monsoon period while it was alkaline during winter season, Angadi et al. (2005). The considerable variation of D.O. content of water ranged from 6.1 ppm to 8.9 ppm with the maximum value in winter and minimum in monsoon period which was due to clearly weather which has increased turbidity and reduced photosynthetic activities Shukla et al. (1989). CO2 was measured 2.5 ppm to 5.3 ppm during study period. Maximum amount of free CO2 was due to hight surface area, influx of carbonic acid through rain water and also the decomposition of organic matter in Yamuna river. The minimum CO2 was due to low decomposition and also due to entry of some chemicals from various industrial wastes which also results in low concentration, Ansari and Prakash (2000). B.O.D. and C.O.D. are the significant parameters of polluted water bodies which affects the limno-biotic fauna and flora. Jain and Dameja (2000) observed that COD is required O2 from the organic substances of water to oxidize them by strong chemical oxidant. Chloride range from 11.2 ppm to 16.8 ppm during observation period which may be due to large amount of sewage discharge in river. Similar observation supported by Khanna and Bhutani (2003). Nitrate were observed 0.05 ppm to 0.37 ppm and was minimum during winter and maximum during summer season. Silicate concentration ranged 9.7 ppm to 51.8 ppm having maximum value during monsoon period and minimum in winter season, silicate is useful for diatoms and Rhizopods Singh et al. (2002). | ||||||
| Conclusion |
Parameters, such as temperature, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, suspended solids, BOD, COD, Coliform, and feacal coliform bacteria, increase gradually from upstream site A to downstream sites B, C, and D of the Yamuna river. This clearly shows that the variations in these indicators were caused by continual pollution mixing in the Yamuna River |
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| Acknowledgement | The author thankfull for constant guidance of Mr. Arvind Singh Sengar, Senior Research Scientist , CSE, Nimli, Rajasthan. | ||||||
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