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| Assessment of Hydro geological Conditions in Tonk District | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
16656 Submission Date :
19/11/2022 Acceptance Date :
22/11/2022 Publication Date :
25/11/2022
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| Abstract | Groundwater is a large source of fresh water available on earth; water is widely distributed and plays a vital role in both environment and human life. It is a renewable natural resource having several inherent advantages over surface water like wide distribution, negligible evaporation loss and low risk of contamination. Dependence of groundwater has increased rapidly in many regions because of limited surface water sources, non-perennial rivers and frequent failure in monsoon. Therefore, groundwater resources are often overexploited to meet the increasing demand thereby giving a heavy stress to aquifer system. To maintain this system proper management has to be adopted. Hence to arrive at a suitable methodology review of the work done in the specific field of research is essential. This review in general helps us to find out the status of the work carried out globally and locally, in previous and present context. It also helps us to identify the gaps of the work done and to frame standard methodology for the objective chosen Over the last few decades our dependence on ground water has increased tremendously. It has become major source of water for domestic and agricultural use in India. According to an estimate the ground water resource meets 80% of our water demand. Agriculture is a major consumer of the ground water; it supplies nearly 60% of water demand of the agriculture sector. Worryingly, since the 1990s the area under canal and tank irrigation has observed absolute decrease in India, whereas, ground water fed agricultural area has increased in these years. The convenience and efficient last mile connectivity of ground water resources encouraged many farmers in this country to switch from canal/tank irrigation to the tube well/bore well. A committee constituted by the government of India to review water governance in the country led by Dr.Mihir Shah in his report in 2016 observed that the public finance on water resources after independence largely focused on surface water. Huge amount was invested on creating surface water infrastructure. The ground water resource remains neglected despite it is replacing surface water from agriculture to domestic use in the last some decades. Individuals invested hugely in ground water infrastructure especially after the green revolution as it was easier and efficient in terms of available for the end use. The technological advancement and availability & affordability of power also helped individual investors (largely farmers) to create groundwater structures. Currently there are around 30 million groundwater structures in this country. For the purpose of ground water extraction, enough knowledge and data is available. The problem is with lack of data on aquifer management. Being a large country, the geological and hydrological characteristics of the landmass varies from region to region. It further creates complexity to understand sub-surface characteristics pertinent to water seepage, storage and water movement. The GWB has categorized 14 different aquifer settings in India. Major aquifers include Alluvial, Laterite, Sand stone, shale aquifer, Lime stone aquifer, Basalt aquifers and Crystalline aquifers. According to a classification of geo hydrology's Dr.Kulkarni, Crystalline and Alluvial aquifers comprise 59% of the total aquifer area in the country. The mountain and volcanic system of aquifers accounts for 16% of the total area each. These complex aquifer systems require detailed mapping and study for better management of ground water[1]. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | Hydro Geological Conditions, Aquifer, Physiographic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
The ground water monitoring is being carried out through a net work of observation wells the National Hydrograph Net work station (NHS) The National Hydrograph network Station set up is a system of spatially distributed observation points at which periodic monitoring of ground water and regime behavior viz.
The ground water resource estimation in true state of Rajasthan is being Carried out regularly as per GEC guide the The projected Position of the ground water resource by the year 2025 has been gives as follows:
(i) Annual Ground Water Replenishment = 1156 mcm
(ii) Ground water Draft = 21410 mcm
(iii) Ground water Balancer = (-) 1025 mcm
(iv) Stage of Ground water Development = 191-09
Ground water replace Replenishment in the State mainly takes place trough mansoon rainfall. Annual ground water availability thus Varies with rainfall condition during a particular year. The Projected ground water draft and state of ground water development will thus farther be modified corresponding to rainfall condition and management activities taken up in the near further.
The Status ground water development Stage in the State of Rajasthan is quite unique and very critical as compared to other states Almost all parts of the state false exploitation beyond annual replenish able quantity substantial ground water level declines are being witnessed both in hard rock and alluvial areas.
There are areas like that of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dausa, Tonk, with unconsolidated aquifers, where the situations of over draft are manifested in declining water levels, action the reduce the draft by at least 20% must be taken as an immediate measure. In such areas re-use and recycling of urban west water should receive added attention of municipal bodies. The Liquid urban wastes can be recycled through aquifers to improve their quality and pumped out for reuse particularly for irrigation. It shall how're be essential to ensure that urban and industrial wastes are not inter mixed. Where such a situation exits, the industrial waste must be treated before disposal to remove the toxic elements[2]. |
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| Aim of study | 1. To assess the hydro geological condition of Tonk district 2. To Study the ground water scenario in the district 3. To highlight the problem relating to ground water of the area 4. To suggest some approaches for quality management and conservation of the districts ground water recourses. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | The importance of ground water has been studies Scientifically for decades. Darey (1856) first studies motion of water through a geological medium Later Similar Type of Works was done by Chambelain (1885) slithcer (1899), and King (1899) Daring earlier period well documented works on geo hydrology (Meinzzr 1923) and study of change in ground water storage over time (Meinzzr and Stcams 1928: Meinzzr 1932) were also carried out in detail Additional contribution to ground water flow and movement were put forth by Hubbert (1940) and Jaeob (1940) Simultaneously research in water chemistry has attained its momentum (Piper 1944 : Stiff 1950, Chebotarev 1955: Hero 1959, Back 1960, Garrels and Christ 1965) further advancements of studies in ground water were done by advent of Computer using numerical modeling and integrated approaches. Occurrence of Groundwater Ground water occurs under phreatic, semi-confined and confined conditions in the above formations. The weathered crystallines, laterites and alluvial formations form the major phreatic aquifers, whereas the deep fractures in the crystallines and the granular zones in the Tertiary sedimentary formations form the semi-confined and confined aquifers. Thick zones of weathered crystallines are seen along midland region. The depth to water level in the weathered crystallines in the midland area ranges from 3 to 16 mbgl. The midland area sustains medium capacity dug wells for irrigation. Along the hill ranges, the crystalline rocks are covered by thin weathered zone. Mostly dug wells that can cater to domestic needs are feasible along topographic lows. Bore wells tapping deeper fracture aquifer are feasible along potential fractures in the midland and hill ranges. Potential fractures are seen down to 240 mbgl and the most productive zone lies between 60 and 175 mbgl and the discharge of bore wells range between 36,000 and 1,25,000 lph. Government of India Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of
Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation CENTRAL GROUND
WATER BOARD GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK OF CHHATTISGARH 2020-21 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS : Nearly 58 % of the State is covered by Crystalline and metamorphic rocks; around 27 % of the area is covered by Chhattisgarh Group of rocks. The semi-consolidated Gondwana Supergroup of rocks covers 13 % of the area and the remaining 2 % by Daccan trap, Lameta, Laterite and River Alluvium. |
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| Main Text | Study Area Tonk, one of the erstwhile princely states of Rajasthan
is located in its north eastern part between East longitudes 750
7'00" to 760 19'00" North latitudes 250
41'00" to 260 34'00" North latitudes and is covered in the
survey of India degree sheets 45N, 45-0, 54B and 54C, the total geographical
area of the Tonk district is 7194 sq kms. area figures according to 2011
census, which accounts for 2.1% of the total area of the state. The area lies
state with normal annual rainfall of 668.3 MM (2010-11) the district tonk is
situated on national highway no. 12 and distance of about 82 km. from jaipur,
The capital of Rajasthan, It is bounded on the North by Jaipur district and the
west by the Ajmer district in the south Bhilwara and Bundi district. The
district comprises of 7 sub division a Tonk, Niwai, Deoli, Uniara, Malpura, Todaraysing
and Pipllu. It has at Tehsil viz. Tonk, Niwai, Deoli, Uniara, Malpura, Todaraysing
Pipllu and Dooni there are six panchayat samities viz Tonk, Niwai, Deoli, Uniara,
Malpura and Todaraysing total number of village in the district 1214 (2011
census). Rural and under population of the district is 1103653 and 717723 respectively
and 1421326 census 2011 areas is decennial growth of population in the district
is 17.3% since 2001 or 24.27% since 1991. Map of Tonk District Fig1.
Physiographic
Physiographical the area is characterized by general flat
to undulating topography with small isolated ridges running in north-east to
south-west direction between Gar and Banoli in the western part and the
Aravalli hills towards. Sawai Madhopur in the south east. The general elevation
of the plain ranges from 231 to 337 m above mean sea level and trends from
south-west to north-east. The hills on the southeastern side rise to a height
of 518.46m amsi. (above means sea level). The Rajmahal elevation of 605.30 and
574.20m amsi. In the central part there is a hill which runs for about 14kms
between chauth ka Barwara and Bhageant garh and rises to hight of 150 to 180m
above the plains. Ridges of gneisses, schist and quartzite rising to height of
190m above the plains are seen at Gaonri and Tonk. At Gaunri these occurs as
isolated hills while at tonk they are found as clusters trending in NE-SW and
are extending up to Purtha. smau isolated hillbocks are also seen at Um and
kabra. Except for these hills, the country is otherwise flat. On the bank of
Banas river there are sand dues which rise to heights to 20 to 30m above the
plains. Bisalpur Dam is situated 17 Km. from Deoli. The water storage cape city
of this dam is 315.50 R.L Meters. in the perfect the total catchment area have
be 27726 sq.km. with gross storage capacity of 1095 MCM. about 240 MCM water
will be utilized for drinking purposes and about 425 MCM (Tentative) for
irrigation use. The dam has 38.705 TMC water storage capecity its water
covering area is of 212 sq.km. Beside providing water to Jaipur, Ajmer,
Nasirabad, Beawar, Kishangarh etc. This dam will provide irrigation facilities
to Deoli, Tonk, Todaraysing and Uniara Tehsils. due to dam subsoil water level
also rise in Deoli,Tonk,Malpura and Todaraysing which will result in increasing
the agricultural produce[3]. |
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| Methodology | The study is based on secondary data the date has been collected from central ground water Board State Ground Water Department for the present study the data has been analyzed Block wise |
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| Analysis | 1-Climate and rain fall Located on an elevation of None meters 264.32 above Sea
level. Tonk has a subtropical steppe climate (Classification BSh) The district yearly temperature is 30.210
C (86.38 of) and it is 4.24% higher through India's average. Tonk
Typically receives about 79.02 millimeters (3.11 inches) of precipitation and has 74.62 rainy day's (20.44%
of the time) annually. Average annual high temperature has 33.60 C
(92.48 0F) and low temperature has 23.310 C (73.96
0F) The annual average rainfall is 758.9 mm in Tonk district Table -1 Rainfall yearly Target in Centimeters
Drainage The district is drained by Banas river and its
tributaries the Banas river enters into Tonk District at Negadia In Deoli
tehcil from where it takes a Serpemtine course dividing the district iN roughly
twoi parts Two theird of the area following on its north and are third on its
south until it leaves the district at Sureli near Barawara Station it rans for
roughly 135 km in the district. It is more than half a Km. in which and
sometimes runds in 9 m deep chammel it is more or less perenial. It develops a
dendritic pattern and form a deep gorge at Rajmahal. Its left bank is Stable
and rockey while the right and bank is covered by alluvcium., Thge Mashi and
Sahodra are the Major tributaries of Banas in the district Both are ephemereal
in nature Sphadra is considry as an imprtant river of the districty as it feeds
the Tordi Sagar Tonk (Dem) which is one of the biggest irrigation tonk in
Rajasthan. It Joins Mashi river near village Dundia in Tonk district . There of
it meets Banas river near Gehlot willage there are also 2 other minor streams
in the district nanely Khari or Dai, both are intarnittent in natwara and join
Banas river. (6) Under Ground Water Report Tonk District
Govt of India Table II
Water Levels From the National Hydrograph network stations existing in the district were monitored by the geological survey of India between the period 1972 to 2011 and the same are being monitored by the Central Ground Water Board since 1973. Water Level are monitored four times in a year during the months of January May, August and November Sample from monitoring ground water quality are collected has also been carrying out ground water Exploration in order to delineate potential aquifer zones and ascertain there yield characteristics Salient features of ground water exploration in the district are given in table III
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| Conclusion | The Present study Summaries the Hydro geological Condition in Tonk district it highlight the problem of ground water in Tonk district which is the only source of Irrigation in district the assessment of ground water condition in the district sours that the stage of ground water development in the district is 168% which indicate that the scope of ground water development is already exhausted in 8 blocks (Tehsil). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | 1. Dynamic ground water Resource of India (2009) Central Ground water Board Government of India
2. Ground Water Quality in Shallow aquifers of India (2010) Central Ground Water Board Government of India
3. Physical hydrology George M Horn Bergen publishes Johns Hopking University press second editions (august 11, 2014
4. Hydro geological department of Tonk
5. Government Of India Ministry Of Jalshakti Central Ground Water Board Ground Water Year Book Of Kerala (2020-2021)
6. Government of India Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Central Ground Water Board Ground Water Year Book of Chhattisgarh 2020-21 |
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| Endnote | 1. Ground water management in India- Rajasthan state Report August-2022 2. Rajasthan state Report August-2022(Government of India) 3. district statics office Tonk 4.source; collectorate office Tonk 5. government of India geological survey 6.underground water Report Tonk district. There are areas like that lf Anwar Bhatatpur Dausa, Tonk, with unsonsulidated aquiters where the situations of over draft are mainfested in dealining water levels detion to reduce the draft by at least 20% must be taken as an immediate measure in Such areas reuse and recycling of urban wastweater shold receive added attention of munipal bodies the liquied urban wastes can be recycled through aquifers to improve their quality and pumped out for reuse particularly for irrigation It shall howere however be essential to ensure that urban & industrial sates are not inter mixed where such a situation exits the industrial waste must be treated before disposal to remove the toxic elements. |
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