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| Afghan Reconstruction by India Since 9/11 | |||||||
| Paper Id :
17102 Submission Date :
12/01/2023 Acceptance Date :
23/01/2023 Publication Date :
25/01/2023
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| Abstract | The downfall of the Taliban regime in aftermath of the September 11 developments provided an opportunity for India to re-engage itself in Afghanistan with more serious and more constructive efforts through soft power initiatives. India extended its support in favour of the new government that was believed to be established on Liberal-democratic ideals thereby denying the re-emergence of the Taliban regime. Afghanistan provides India with a route via Iran to pursue its strategic goals in the regional and global context, because of the geo-strategic location of Afghanistan in between South, Central, West and East Asia as well as the involvement of world powers in this country from historic times to the present era. So far India has invested and reached more than USD 3 billion in the reconstruction process of Afghanistan since 9/11. India is believed to be the largest regional and fifth international donor in providing aid and assistance to war-torn Afghanistan. Under this aid recipient oriented programme, India has been engaged in a development partnership with Afghanistan, which consists of more than five hundred projects that cover the 34 provinces of the country in the core areas including Food supplies, health care, education, power supply, agriculture and capacity building initiatives. Hence India has worked with a broad understanding and high efforts, to ensure a prosperous, democratic, stable and peaceful Afghanistan that is significant for its political, strategic and economic motivations behind its proactive engagement with the country. However, keeping in concern, the withdrawal of US combat forces from the country and subsequent Taliban’s control over Afghan affairs, India has to again rethink and revise its policy options to stay engaged there. India can come out of its ‘Wait and Watch’ policy for the ongoing security situation in that country and can play a more robust leadership role in the democratization process of that country, which is gradually decreasing. India can open convincing channels with the Taliban however based on certain pre-conditions that the Taliban needs to be persuaded for democratic principles, cutting off their links with terrorist networks and exploitation against women’s rights. Along with it, India can make possible a regional solution to the Afghan conundrum by bringing the countries on a single platform with which it shares common interests concerning Afghanistan. | ||||||
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| Keywords | Taliban Resurgence, Exit Strategy, Afghan Conundrum, Regional Solution | ||||||
| Introduction |
India as an emerging global power, like other nation-states, has revived its foreign policy outlooks keeping in view the changing geo-political and geo-economic situations of the time. Guided by foreign policy aspirations which can include security, socio-economic development, energy, peace and access to technology India has well-developed peaceful relations with its core and peripheral neighbourhood. It is against such backdrop, India has taken no time in reviving its relations with war-torn Afghanistan in the aftermath of 9/11 in 2001. Based on certain important goals that India wants to achieve in Afghanistan Hanauer and Peter narrow down them to four main objectives which include: Preventing anti-Indian terrorism, Undermine Pakistan’s and Taliban influence in Afghanistan, Increasing its access to Central Asia and projecting power and demonstrating global interests. So, India’s active engagement in Afghanistan through soft power initiatives including economic and development activities has raised a few pertinent questions. Has this soft power engagement delivered India’s strategic goals? Could India sustain this engagement in case of the re-emergence of Taliban? Has there been any shift in India’s soft power diplomacy about Afghanistan since 9/11? Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the role that India has played in the reconstruction process of Afghanistan. And finally, to reach to the policy options that India can avail for its sustainable engagement with that country. The present research paper relies on materials from both primary and secondary sources.
The paper contends that India’s Afghan reconstruction since 9/11 has generated great goodwill for India among the people of Afghanistan and has helped the Afghan people in various sectors of development. However, such a course of relations with that country has remained in a changing trajectory over a period of time. Albeit, the changing security scenario within that country has raised several security concerns among the countries including India who find their stakes in that country after the announcement of the US’s Exit strategy from that country.
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| Aim of study | 1. To assess the role that India has played in the reconstruction process of Afghanistan. 2. To examine the shifts and continuity in India’s reconstruction process with regard to Afghanistan. | ||||||
| Review of Literature | Ministry of External Affairs, Text of Agreement on Strategic Partnership
between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2011). India and
Afghanistan signed an agreement on Strategic Partnership on October 04, 2011,
during President Hamid Karzai’s visit to India based on“mutual understanding
and long-term trust”. The agreement signifies the areas of common interest that
include trade, economic expansion, education, capacity development, security
and politics. Along with it, the agreement signifies the commitment to
strengthen cooperation in social and cultural areas. Developing relations with
Civil Society and people-to-people contacts were given due consideration.
In addition to it, the agreement guarantees to seek cooperation to fight
against terrorism. Both countries have confirmed their adherence to the common
ideals of peace, democracy, rule of law, non-violence, human rights and
fundamental freedom. Also, both nations have reaffirmed through the agreement a
commitment regarding international law, including to the purposes and
principles of the United Nations Charter. The agreement is considered as a
landmark in Indo-Afghan relations as it symbolises the mutual trust and
confidence between the two nations. It is the pact which reflects that how India
made a shift in its Afghan policy by moving forward from soft power diplomacy
to hard power diplomacy very partially. However, the agreement does not take
direct mention whether or not India will rely on hard power initiatives with
Afghanistan. The ongoing study has filled this research gap. Harsh V Pant, “India’s Changing Afghanistan Policy: Regional and Global
Implication,” in India in Africa and Afghanistan ed. Cameron Buzatto. The work signifies the reassessment of policies by the regional players who have their stakes in Afghanistan including India, keeping in view, the changes that have taken place in the western strategy towards Afghanistan. The central argument of the work signifies that India’s policy towards Afghanistan has remained in a changing trajectory since 2001. In addition to it, the work provides insight into how New Delhi has responded to a strategic environment that is shaped by the involvement of other actors in the region. What is more, the book takes note of the fact that ISAF is preparing to leave the country and is in the middle of a pull out which evokes a concern for India to preserve its interests in Afghanistan. However, the book falls short of the policy options that India should take if the regional solution to the Afghan problem fails. Such a gap is addressed by the ongoing study which describes the policy options that should be carried by India in Afghanistan after the US drawdown. |
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| Main Text | India’s presence in Afghanistan: Brief Background India and
Afghanistan share close historical and cultural ties since times
immemorial. Both countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship in
1951 to continue and institutionalise their historical relations. After
the Soviet withdrawal (1989) from Afghanistan followed by the civil war and the
establishment of the Rabbani regime thereof in (1992-1996) to which India
accorded recognition, however during this period India had a limited presence
in that country. India together with Russia and Iran supported the Northern
Alliance so as to check the resilient Taliban’s advance in the Afghanistan.
However due to the demise of Rabbani government in 1996 followed by the
Taliban’s hold over the power in Afghanistan a group that India considers
illegitimate left India marginalised. India did not accorded recognition
to Taliban like most of the countries of the world except Pakistan, the United
Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia. India continued its support to the Northern
Alliance led by Ahmad Shah Massoud that was believed to be the only significant
challenge to the Taliban. India had to close its consulates in Kandhar,
Jalalababd, Herat and Mazar-e-Sharief thus India had to shut down its
diplomatic mission in Kabul till the USA’s intervention in Afghanistan in
response to the episode of 9/11 in 2001. The downfall of the
Taliban regime resulted due to the military action initiated by the US-led
Coalition forces in response to the event of 9/11 in year 2001. USA initiated
the ‘Global War on terror’ at international level and ‘Operation Enduring
Freedom’ against Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Anwesha Ghosh while
analysing the event which is believed to be carried out by al-Qaeda against the
United States through four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks says that the
event was to a large extent responsible for tactical calculations of many
countries Vis-a-Vis Afghanistan. For pursuance of national security concerns at
that time the country like India was feeling like it was on forefront on
America’s war on terror. Having a broad understanding about the vision of
a prosperous, peaceful, stable and secure Afghanistan India considers it
crucial for the regional stability. India therefore played an active role
in the reconstruction of the country since 9/11. India developed its
connections with the new interim government that was established under the
leadership of Hamid Karzai in Bonn Conference of 2001 after the downfall of
Taliban Regime. India wanted not to stand as a hesitant regional player and to
be absent from the Afghan Affairs, therefore, India renewed its relations with
the country with high efforts and was found to be actively participating in
Afghanistan’s war-reconstruction programmes. India renewed its diplomatic ties
with Kabul and re-opened its closed diplomatic mission and the four consulates
as well in the Mazar-e-Sharif, Jalalabad, Kandahar, and Herat. So far,
India has reached to more than USD 3 billion confirmed by the Minister of
External Affairs V. Muraleedharan in Lok Sabha. Policy initiatives taken by India since 9/11: Humanitarian, Financial
and Project Assistance India’s presence in
Afghanistan in aftermath of 9/11 increased largely principally in areas of
institution building, capacity creation, and infrastructure and development
assistance, largely in spheres of social, education and government sector
projects. As is reflected in the words of Pranab Mukherjee then the External
Affairs Minister, “India-Afghan bilateral relations are fast developing into a
partnership which is very special to us… we are glad to be able to contribute
to the reconstruction and rebuilding of Afghanistan.” The chief developmental Projects and works where India has invested in Afghanistan include Construction of Parliament Building in Kabul, Zaranj- Delaram highway, Double circuit Transmission line from Pul-e-Khumri to Kabul and Chimtala Sub-Station, Salma Dam, Hajigak Iron Ore Deposits. Construction of New Parliament Building One of the main
physical manifestations on part of India is promotion of liberalism and
democracy in Afghanistan while constructing the new Afghan Parliament there. it
was on the visit of Prime Minister Mr. Modi on 25 December, 2015, construction
of its work was finalised. The cost of constructing it has gone over budget
double to the original cost of USD 45 million to about USD 90 million on its
inauguration. Zarang-Delaram Highway Zaranj-Delaram road
link that has been built by The Border Roads Organisation is of 218 kilometres
long. Afghanistan’s Garland Highway is linked by this road to the Iran border
via Milak Bridge. Finally it would link Afghanistan to Iran’s Chabahar port
providing an alternative outlet to the nearby port. The said highway has
facilitated movement of goods and services through Iran. Carrying the
strategic importance as per its location is concerned; it connects Zaranj a
border town on Afghanistan-Iran border and Delaram along with Garland highway
to the major cities of Afghanistan including Kabul, Kandhar, Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif
and Kunduz. The Chahbahar port where from Iran is upgrading a road, is situated
in a free trade zone on Iran’s Makran Coast. The finalisation of work was
completed in 2008. Double Circuit Transmission Line from Pul-e-Khumri to Kabul and Chimtala
Sub-Station An integrated rural
development plan was announced by then the India’s Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan
Singh in which 100 villages of Afghanistan were included. The plan was followed
with Installation of solar electrification along with rain water harvesting.
The said development plan also incorporated generation and transmission of
power for that purpose India built a power transmission line to Kabul. In
this course, a construction of 220 KV Double Circuit Transmission Line was
brought under work from Pul-e-Khumri to Kabul and Sub-station at Chimtala so
that a supplementary power facility can be brought from northern grid to Kabul,
This work was initiated in 2005. It is said, this transmission line
has to cross over the Salang range at a height of 4000 mts. since January
21st, 2009 the line is in operation and provides an uninterrupted 24-hour power
supply to Kabul. The Project was completed in year 2015. Salma Dam Power Project Salma Dam Power
Project has been India’s another noticeable accomplishment. It is now renamed
as Afghan-India Friendship Dam on August 27, 2015. The said dam is
located in Herat province on river Hari Rud. The Salma dam was
inaugurated by both the heads of two countries jointly, namely, the President
of Afghanistan Dr.Ashraf Ghani and Mr. Modi on 04 June 2016. The said
project has increased water availability downstream that has lead to
possibility of second crop cultivation. The said dam is going to generate 42MW
power and is expected to provide irrigation facilitation for about 80,000
hectares of land. Furthermore, it includes construction of 107.5 m high and 550
m long rock fill dam and some technical parts of any hydroelectric power
project comprising the Spillway, Powerhouse, Switchyard, and Transmission line. Hajigak Iron Ore Deposits Afghanistan
government has provided mining rights to the largest iron ore deposit located
at Hajigak in Bamiyan province in combination with India’s largest state-owned
mining company. The report was provided by Bloomberg and such process was
initiated in late 2011. India is operating three out of four mining blocks
there at Hajigak. The said work needs USD 11 billion to mine the deposit,
construct a power plant along with steel mill as well as to facilitate
transportation links for the movement of equipment and extract the ore out of
Hajigak. Besides it, India
has extended various forms of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan. It has
invested in Small Development Projects (SDP’s) by extending basic facilities in
the spheres of health, education, livestock and building of bridges, wells,
public toilets etc to the Afghan people. It has also worked for better and fair
elections developing a sense of political consciousness. Amidst of all these,
India has shipped food supplies for the Afghan people from time to time. It has
granted a number of scholarships on an annual basis to Afghan students under
the aegis of the Indian Council of Cultural Relations (ICCR).Similarly, the
country has worked for the capacity building programmes in various fields including
Afghan public administration, Banking administration, Afghanistan Foreign
services, Defence and has also provided services for self-help groups.
Besides providing vocational training in carpentry, tailoring, welding, masonry
and plumbing through the confederation of Indian industries, the economic
development of the Afghanistan has been taken care of by linking it to several
numbers of regional organisations. However worth to
mention here is that such an engagement of India with Afghanistan was driven by
the India’s striking capabilities in terms of political, economic and military
dimensions along with some other motivations Afghanistan provided a space for
this aspiring global power to enhance its security parameters and increase its
sphere of influence over external environment. India increased its bi-lateral
relations with Afghanistan in the aftermath of 9/11, however opined by several
analysts that such a course of relation remained in a changing trajectory that
is divided into three distinct phases. In the phase first,
India extended aid-receptive programmes to Afghanistan for institution
building, capacity creation, and infrastructure development in reference to
social, education and government sector projects for that India invested USD 3
billion. Therefore, it can be said that India used soft power initiatives in
Afghanistan that generated goodwill among Afghan people for India and helped
her to develop a state identity and strategic narratives as a rising global
power. In the phase
second, power equation shifted in the hands of Pakistan and its allies and New
Delhi stood marginalized. Thus, India faced a risky track at this juncture,
this was the outcome, when west got diverted by its war in Iraq and had to
withdraw some of its forces from Afghanistan. This paved a way to Taliban in
claiming the strategic space back that it was enjoying earlier. Phase third
resulted in the signing of a historic pact- The Strategic Partnership Agreement
(SPA) on October 2011 between India and Afghanistan. Such a development
signifies that India had to rethink over its engagement with Afghanistan
keeping in views the changing security scenario in that country. The signing of
2011 Strategic Agreement is observed as a great shift in India’s policy
attitude towards Afghanistan as it released India on having restraint on
security matters and on carrying the exclusive focus on development to a
greater security engagement. Such an engagement reflects the fact that India
shifted its focus from Soft power to Smart power initiatives. SPA is going to
play a critical role that India will play in shaping Afghanistan’s future and
this pact is reflecting the increased India-Afghanistan bilateral relations
from 2011-2014 and from 2014 to onwards, keeping in view the exit strategy of
US from the country. The former is marked by the formalization of Strategic
Partnership Agreement and later by the continuation of the said pact. India’s proactive role that it played in Afghanistan has generated a great goodwill among the people of Afghanistan. Such a fact is revealed by many opinion polls in which 71% people of Afghanistan has granted a most favourable nation recognition to India, corresponding figures for US, UK, Iran and Germany were 51%, 39%, 40%, 59% and 15% for Pakistan. Corresponding to India’s development engagement with Afghanistan it was said that India gains a benefit from the presence of US-military forces in this country for the sake of security reasons. |
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| Conclusion | The withdrawal of U.S. combat forces from Afghanistan has changed the security situation in that country. The power balance that has again shifted in favour of Taliban has lead to the outbreak of a more volatile situation that concerns the regional powers who can receive the spill over effect of such a situation. Therefore, India who has showed its rise of soft power influence within that country since 2001 by investing almost 3 billion USD for strategic infrastructure and capacity building projects has to reassess its strategies in relation to the Taliban’s takeover of Afghanistan- the group that India considers illegitimate. Therefore as Kabul again fell in the hands of Taliban on 15August, 2021 and has completed its seventeen months in power on January 15, 2023. The country is again held in chaos. None of the countries around globe has provided recognition to this regime including Pakistan which has withheld his stand officially. India being concerned about its national security has not provided any positive signal for recognizing Taliban rule. However, it is being noticed that New Delhi has added some sort of flexibility in its approach towards the Taliban as is evident from the fact that India has showed its presence in several negotiations that were held between Taliban and the US over a peace deal with the intent to address its security concerns that are going to emanate from Afghan soil, and is committed to its all-time stand of continuing people to people exchanges. India did not lag in providing emergency humanitarian assistance to the nation. It was also observed that the country stood cooperative to the Afghan refugees, particularly with the Hindu and Sikh minorities as New Delhi’s MEA has asserted that it will facilitate the said communities in Afghanistan, however, would such a stand welcome all the Afghans is yet undecided. It has also been stated by Taneja that India’s responses to the changing power matrix in Afghanistan resembles to the strategy that it adopted when Taliban gained its power in 1996 up to 2001. At that time India along with other nations like Iran chooses to extend its support in favour of Northern Alliance. Once again, India’s engagement with the persona from the said coalition and others that sideline themselves from Taliban seems appearing on the ground. Thus, resurgence of Taliban in Afghan matrix has sent the alarming signals to the countries that are likely to receive the security implications from the ongoing chaotic situation of the country including India. India has to fully balance the challenges that it is facing in order to remain engaged with that country so as to pursue its strategic goals. India can come out of its ‘Wait and Watch’ policy for the ongoing security situation in that country and can play a more robust leadership role for the democratization process of that country which is gradually decreasing. India can open the convincing channels with Taliban however based on certain pre-conditions for that Taliban needs to be persuaded for democratic principles, cutting of their links with terrorist networks and exploitation against women rights. Along with it, India can make possible a regional solution to the Afghan conundrum by bringing the countries on a single platform with which it shares common interests with regard to the Afghanistan. | ||||||
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