For verification of this paper, please visit on http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/remarking.php#8

The geographical setting has a great impact on the life. Before the advent of technological know-how the humans derive their basic needs from nature or natural surroundings. With the advancement in the technology the human started changing and modifying the environment to fit according to his needs. This advancement has led to serious implications on man-environment relations. When we talk about man-environment relations, this brings us to the debates and ideas which have emerged over time. The major among them are the Deterministic school of thoughts and the other was the School of Possibilism. Most of the earlier geographers are the proponents of the deterministic approach toward the environment. Friedrich Ratzel was the proponent of the concept of ‘Social Darwanism’ he said human beings must struggle to survive in the particular environment as much as plant and animal organisms do. His philosophy was also of the survival of fittest in the physical environment.(Hussain,2001).Ellen Churchill Semplewas the staunch supporter and student of Ratzel and she is known for her famous saying ‘Man is the product of the land surface’.(Hussain,2001). W.M.Davis, E.Hungtington also describes nature as the sole determinant of the human character. Carl Sauer also highlighted the inseparable connection between man and environment through his idea of cultural landscape.

The Possibilism thought developed contrary to deterministic thoughts. The Possibilistic School of thoughts played a very important role in modifying the thought which was earlier dominated by the determinants. Vidal de la Blache was the main profounder of this school of thought he says that man is a very important agent of change; he changes and modifies the environment according to his needs. He described ‘physical environment is a passive and active agent is at liberty to choose between the wide range of possibilities

Gandhian Perspective on Environment

In recent times, different ideas have developed in the context of the environment which has an ideological and Sociological base. These ideas have become the topics that are deriving much heat day by day, in discussions and debates among the scholars; Gandhian Environmentalism is the idea one among them. Gandhi, however, himself not used the word environmental protection, but his writings and articles state his ideas of Environmentalism and hence, make him an environmentalist. Gandhi was a big critique of industrialization. In 1909 in his book ‘Hind Swaraj’ he cautioned mankind against unrestricted industrialism and materialism. He argued in 1909 that industrialization and the usage of machines have an adverse effect on the health of people. Gandhi has also held industries and mills responsible for pollution in the air and creating noise pollution. Gandhi had foreseen the result of materialism and industrialization he argued of the time when the resources on the Earth will not be enough to meet the growing needs of people. (Kaushik. A, 2010).

The popular phrase “The Earth has enough resources for our need but not for our greed”, of Gandhi shows his concern for the environment. Gandhi has raised the concern about Environment very before the concerns were raised through the various Earth Summits e.g. Stockholm 1972, Rio Summit 1992, etc.. Agenda 21 which was brought out at the Rio summit in 1992 also has very similarity to the concerns which Gandhi has raised decades before the draft was proposed. Not only was this, later on there some movements that were organized for the environmental concerns and have taken inspiration from the Gandhian philosophy. E.g. Chipko movement which was led by the Chandi Prasad and late Sundar Lal Bahuguna and the famous Narmada Bachao Andolan by Medha Patkar and Baba Amte(Tiwari.R.,2019), these movements take forward Gandhi’s vision of the society where neither man nor nature is exploited and destroyed. When we think through the actions and the ideas of Gandhi, the human in the name of development is plundering the natural resources. (Sasikala, A.S.2012). The overexploitation of the natural resources would eventually lead us to the destruction and serious environmental implications and which are also quite evident today in the form of climate change. Gandhi was the proponent of simple living and even term the “life of the labourers is the life worth living”. The ashrams Gandhi formed were based on this principle. This idea he derived from the book “Unto this last” of John Ruskin which has a very great impact on Gandhi. Gandhi though specifically has not written or proposed any philosophy regarding the environment but his ideas can be found scattered throughout his writings.  The idea of simple life, labour life, sustainable development without doing any harm to nature and the environment shows his concern for the environment. Gandhi was also a big critique of the industrial civilization. He believes that modern industrial civilization has a great impact on not only the humankind but also the environment. The industrialization has made few peoples the caretaker of the resources and the huge population has been deprived of it. Gandhi believes that machineries which represent as the symbol of modern civilization is in fact a big sin. (Sasikala, A.S. 2012).

Gandhi believes that human is inflicting great damage to the environment and nature is being considered as a man’s property. This is the idea in similarity to the Possibilist ideas which make a man as an active agent on the Earth’s surface. Gandhi opposes such an idea. He believes such idea has led to the violence against the animals, ruthless exploitation of the natural resources, destruction of the environment, and the established settlements. There were the environment philosophers who advocate the measure to deal with the environment through going back to nature, by adopting the measures which have minimal impact on the environment may be by going green through the limited usage of fossil fuels, usage of organic goods, and usage of simple means, etc. whereas Gandhi spreads the message of “going back to the villages”.

According to the Gandhian idea, environment injustice and marginalization is considered to be instances of structural violence. (Sasikala, A.S. 2012). Structural violence was well amplified by Gandhi in his writings which is not inflicted physically on another but is hidden in the structure. Johan Galtung an eminent peace researcher has studied the Gandhian idea of structural violence and argues that it is a violence that does not kill or hurt like guns and bombs but it kills through creating the social structure that produces poverty and is exploitative in nature. For instance, when people starve for food, through there was enough available for the needs, in such case, the structural system creates structural violence. Similarly is in the case of the environment. Nature has provided us with our needs when the overexploitation occurs for the materialistic greed and the market gains it impacts the sections which are at the base, who derive their needs from nature, and thus it takes the form of Structural violence. The people comprises of the Adabasis, people living in the small villages and hamlets and other forest and mountain dwellers, etc. upon whom such violence got inflicted. Gandhi not only provides a strong thought on the issues related to the environment but also advocates for the peaceful means for resolving the issues of such structural violence, through Ahimsa and Nonviolence. He proposes the Satyagraha as the only means for overcoming such issues. Chipko movement was the first movement that uses this principle for the protection of forests and later the Narmada BachaoAndolan was based on this principle of Gandhian thought of the environment. Thus the Gandhian environment thought or Gandhian environmentalism on the one handsets up the value system and develops the awareness regarding the protection and conservation of the environment and on the other hand, also paved the way for the resolution off future conflicts which may arise in the context to the environment, thus helps in lessening the threat to the environmental hazards.

Recent Trends

Contrary to Gandhi’s idea of development, technological development has led to very rampant change over the Earth’s surface. In last few centuries, it has entirely changed the structure of settlements, living style, natural environment, composition of atmosphere, and even affects the topographical features and related attributes. The industrial boom is one factor that has led to the massive change on the earth’s surface. The development of engines and machines has led to the development of industrial towns.  The population grew in these towns because of the work opportunities it provides. More and more people move toward these areas in search of employment. Initially, the regions were resided by the industrial labour and later the residential ghettos start springing up around these industrial suburbs. The suburb starts expanding, different businesses grew slowly, e.g. Services Sector, Industrial, manufacturing, processing, packaging, schools, institutions, and administration, etc. The settlement grows outward because of the influx of the rural population to the urban areas in search of employment and better life.

The industrialization also has its backwash effect, it has hit hard at the village level. The small scale cottage and small scale units in the villages with inferior technology could not match the quality and quantity produced in the industries of these big industrial towns and this led to massive unemployment and also brought destruction to the cottage industries and other rural industries. The effect is not only in terms of economy but also have its socio and demographic impact, young population got migrated to cities for the search of the employment and villages are left with the old and elderly people and women. The case may be quite evident the state of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh in India where the young move in search of employment to Punjab and Haryana for work in industries and agro based activities. Sometimes, the migration is permanent which led to the abandoning the villages, this is also evident in many parts of the World and in India as well.

Migration also impacted the urban areas, it leads to the burgeoning of the city with the influx of  labourers, and as more and more people migrate to these places it leads to the development of the slums with a poor environment and bad living conditions. This happens because the city could not carry such a massive population in terms of accommodation and employment. This can easily be seen in the context of almost all the major townships in India. Dharavi in Mumbai is fine example of this, which is among the biggest slum in the World carrying the weight of one million populations.

The industrialization brings development on one hand and on the other hand, it has implications associated with it. The biggest is of the climate change as we are facing today. The main contributor to the climate change is Greenhouse gases. These gases are produced or enter the atmosphere from the industries, automobiles, energy plants and marshy areas, agricultural fields, etc. (In 2016 GHG emission reached 31.2 percent above 1990 level, with an average annual increase of 0.9 per cent since 2010. The sectors contributing the largest shares of the emissions are energy supply (34 per cent), industry (22 per cent), and transport (14 per cent), which has also contributed the most to the emission increase since 2010.).

Climate change increases the susceptibility and fragility to natural hazards and disasters. It is because of Climate change that the atmospheric temperature is on the rise along with the rise in sea temperature. This has led to an increase in the rate of melting of the huge reservoirs of the ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. Other than the two poles as said above “The Third Pole” which comprises the Himalayas-Hindu Kush-Karakoram ranges is also facing a tremendous challenge. The mountain’s glaciers are retreating at an alarming rate some glaciers melt at the rate of 1m/year and some are retreating at the pace of 60m per year, and some small glaciers have also disappeared. It is said that if the same pace of melting rate continues it is apprehended that Himalayan glaciers will meltdown by 2035.

Discourse of Environmentalism

Another sustained strand of argument in driving home the importance of horticulture pertains to its importance in maintaining the “ecological balance” (ShekharPathak May 1-6, 1990) in Himalayas. While analyzing the “discourse of environmentalism” in popular media as well as outside it, Brosius’s description of environmentalism is particularly appropriate: Any attempts to understand social-movement aspects of environmentalism must necessarily be within larger sets of questions about this wider discursive domain and examine the complex relationship which exists between historical and contemporary forms of domination, existing or structures/institutions, the politics In an editorial, D.P. Unniyal summed up the gravity of the situation arising out of what was perceived as an unsympathetic government writing that if horticulture fails in Himachal, the state will break. Further, he opined that the unproductive economies  of the lower hills cannot be made productive by destroying horticulture in the upper areas (June 26- July2). In another editorial (August 6-15:2), he issued a fervent plea to prevent “Parmar’s beloved hills from sliding into an abyss” of representation, processes of discursive production, and emerging forms of political agency (1999:278).

The exercise consists of allusions to the importance of the tree cover (horticulture) for preventing erosion in downstream areas. It was, thus, pointed out that not only was it in the interests of the North Indian states to work for the success of horticulture in Himachal Pradesh but horticulture promotion in Himalayas was a national duty. It was, thus, asked (DinanathShastri June 26, 1990: 3) “what is 32 crore [expenditure on procurement] if it prevents siltation of Delhi”. Traditional agriculture was painted as having an adverse impact on the environment. Similar sentiments were expressed quite forcefully by a number of orchardists. Lakshman Thakur, a prominent orchardist of

Kotkhai in Shimla when asked about the impact of horticulture on forests explained:

Horticulture is a boon not only to Himachal but to the whole country. Tons of soil per hectare would have washed down if there was no apple. When people talk about expansion of orchards at the expense of forests, they should keep in mind that it would have happened even otherwise because of increasing population pressure. We would have been destroyed if we had continued with field crops. Now we have tree cover that actually prevents erosion. Of course, there was no mention of the well-documented adverse impacts ofhorticulture110 on forests because of both the demand for wood for packing and its expansion at the expense of forests. Here, it is interesting to compare the environmentalism of the Chipko movement of the neighbouring state (Uttaranchal) with the environmentalism that is being touted here. The contrast is striking for the former has D.P. Unnival (Aug 6-15, 1990) wrote that, “It will be Himachal Pradesh’s misfortune if plough comes to rule the mountains”. The adverse impact is of course not limited to just erosion but also includes disturbance of ecological aspects including hydrological cycles that have been affected by indiscriminate encroachment into forests (with tacit approval of different governments), sometimes on extremely fragile catchment areas. been focused on securing the rights of the rural population to forest products like fuel wood, which are vital for meeting the household needs. The predominant section among the movement, associated with SunderlalBahuguna had advocated the Gandhian vision of self-sufficient villages and has championed an ideology that has been labelled as “agrarian romanticism” (Brass 1994). In Himachal Pradesh, the environmental movement on lines of chipkohas been conspicuous by its absence, which is remarkable because of similar topography andsocial structure. In my discussions with policy makers and people interested in development policies, I detected very little enthusiasm for the chipko movement and its concerns. In fact, one of the prominent respondents commented: “What has Sunderlal Bahuguna done for the people of Uttarakhand?” Such views reflected a rejection of the possibility of improvement of the condition of hills people through achieving self reliance. On the other hand, the dominant developmental view advocates greater integration of hill economy and society in general. In time, the discourse of environmentalism has come to be entrenched in the official version of the horticulture story as well. There is, for instance, reduction in emphasis on the economic performance alone of the sector in attempts to justify the focus on horticulture. The Annual Plan of the Government of Himachal Pradesh notes that: The promotion of horticulture in the hilly areas like Himachal falls in the national priority because undulating physiographic of the land in the hilly areas like that of Himachal Pradesh is more suitable for raising the horticultural crops as it does not require the frequent tillage and clean cultivation. The development of horticulture is not only supplementing the national food grid, by way of providing nutritive foods in the form of fruits and vegetables but also playing a vital role in promoting environmental conservation in Himachal Pradesh. The horticulture industry is presently contributing about Rs. 330 crore per annum to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (1999: 96 emphasis mines). What is being attempted instead is linkage of the (positive) ecological and economic effects of horticulture ostensibly for the purpose of serving national interests.

The discourse of environmentalism, thus, should not be seen as merely reflecting increasing ecological consciousness but an attempt to connect with the historically specific cultural representations of geographies of power. The specialization of discourse, thus, achieved is similar to Sivaramakrishnan’s (1999) characterization of region  The shift of apple orchards towards the high altitudinal region in the Himachal Pradesh of India is due to continuously decreasing chilling hours for the whole state(especially after the year 2000). The chilling hours during the DJF season contribute the most to the apple production and a rapid increase in the minimum temperature during this season has created an unfavourable condition by reducing the number of chilling hours. This trend has also been observed in different observing stations in the past as per the study done by the author  It was found that flowering did not take place in the absence of optimum number of chilling hours. There are several such studies already done that clearly established the fact that optimum chilling hours and temperature during the growth period play a very crucial role in apple production. Along with chilling hours, change in temperature also leads to stunted growth, diseases and ultimately the quality of the apple crop. This study has made it clear that change in temperature leads to the deterioration of the quality of apple crop and following the law of nature similar conditions leads to low quality / low production of apple in Shimla district Himachal Pradesh. However, except all the above required farming conditions, snowfall in the state is also considered as an important factor. But, there were some difficulties in completing snowfall based analysis; one of the important factors was the non- availability of the gridded snowfall data with high resolution. Only station based snowfall data was available for a few stations with irregular time periods.

Impact on the apple orchards has been due to the changing climatic conditions but consistent good income from the apple production is a good option for financial security hence a major encouraging force behind the apple cultivation.

Thus, continuous warming of temperature in the region will definitely benefit (warm) regions with high altitude (low altitude).

Kinnaur, Bharmour of Chamba, and Keylong of Lahul and Spiti during early 1980s. Farmers in these high lands of Himachal Pradesh have started growing apple in early 2000s on a trial basis and by 2015 contributions from apple productions have hugely contributed to their livelihood.

However, this shifting in apple cultivations while making farmers in the higher altitudes richer made farmers in lower altitudes becomes poorer due to consistent reduction in shape, size and quality of the apples in those areas. Hence, these farmers shifted their cultivation pattern by adopting the farming of peas, potatoes and plumb in these lower altitudes areas.

The spatial-temporal agro-climatic impact in the region is getting affected or is going to get affected due to warming of temperature and decrease in rainfall. Here, it is found that major factors for the apple production shift in cultivation areas were chilling hours that persist mostly in the winter months, and the surface temperature during growth period. However, some other factors can play their roles to impact various crops. Therefore, there is a lot of potential in finding out the potential impact for various other major crops in the region and as a consequence of it, policies can be framed to mitigate it well in time to save the security of livelihood of people in the region. Also it needs to be seen how far these shifts can move in near future in the climate change scenarios.

Horticulture And Environment                  

Horticulture impacts our lives on a daily basis. It provides us with nutritious fruits and vegetables, offering visual enjoyment, and promoting recreational activities. Horticultural production is primarily involved in the intensive use of resources, such as land, water, labour and inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides. The use of such resources in a concentrated space has the potential to negatively impact the local environment and worker welfare.

Horticulture is defined as the science and art of growing vegetables, fruits, flowers or ornamental plants.

Flowers and ornamental plants enrich our homes and communities and contribute to our sense of well-being. Land occupied by the horticultural industry is limited. Thus, to sustain crop productivity, it is essential that we maintain a fertile and productive resource. Land and soil degradation caused by erosion reduces soil fertility and causes pollution. This, in turn, hinders the bio security of future production. According to Fischer et al. 2007, horticulture and agriculture combined is the largest user of freshwater, accounting for 70% of all blue water withdrawals worldwide. The environmental impact of horticulture production is entering a cyclical relationship with the impact on horticulture from environmental change. One of the major ways horticultural producers reduce their impact on the environment is through the adoption of technical solutions. Such as greenhouse technologies. As greenhouses are accountable for the largest levels of CO2 emissions within horticulture, energy conservation and efficiency must, therefore, be optimized. Water is a vital resource to horticultural production, but the security of supply across the globe is decreasing. However, the climate change we are experiencing today is as a result of practices totally outside horticulture. In future, global warming and the environmental impact on horticultural production may be a major concern than horticulture’s impact on the environment. The totality of horticulture has an impact on the environment Horticultural production is primarily involved in the intensive use of resources, such as land, water, labour and inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. The use of such resources in a concentrated space and time has the potential to negatively impact on the local environment and worker welfare. In addition the transport of horticultural produce over long distances, particularly by air transport is known to have an impact on the global environment. Horticulture development in the mountain region is circumscribed by mountain specificities, namely, inaccessibility, marginality, fragility, niche and human adaptation mechanism created by unique vertical dimensions that distinguish them from plains and other ecosystem. While the first three features contribute in varying degree, inter alia, to physical isolation, distance and high transportation costs, the later two indicate positive features and the potential for agricultural horticulture development. The mountain agriculture in general was cereal based and characterized by low and stagnant productivity. The diversification of agriculture from cereal based systems towards high value cash crops including fruits and off-season vegetables, compatible with the comparative advantage of the region, is suggested as a viable solution to stabilize and raise farm income and increase employment opportunities. (Vyas 1996; Joshi et al 2004, Sharma, 2005).The transition from subsistence-oriented, cereal-based agriculture to high-value commercial horticulture has both positive and negative impacts on the natural environment. The positive aspect of commercialisation is that the adoption of high value cash crops, particularly fruit crops, helps the mountainous region in two ways. First, it promotes productive use of abundant marginal lands available in these regions which otherwise are either lying idle or are devoted to low value subsistence crops. Second, these crops help in maintaining and improving the ecology and environment by promoting soil conservation and improving soil fertility. In economic terms, it leads to significant improvement in the quality of life

Negative aspects of horticulture (apple orchard) commercialization in the Shimla region is the excessive mining of the natural resource base coupled with excessive use of agro-chemicals leading to soil degradation and loss of rich agro-biodiversity available in these regions. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has impacted adversely on the soils in the studied region. The adoption of monoculture by the farmers in the Shimla region  and the use of high yielding varieties in place of traditional varieties in commercialized agriculture  horticulture have led to a significant loss of genetic diversity. The contribution of monoculture and intensification towards the loss of nutrients, chemical pollution and acidification is, however, not known. Agrochemicals used to increase horticulture productivity, have also been associated with many direct and indirect negative impacts on human health. These effects are increasingly manifested in loss of working efficiency resulting in higher cost of production. In recent times, the effects of commercialization of horticulture on environment and human health have attracted the attention of both the scholars and policy makers (Postel, 1989; Pingaliet al, 1997; Pingali and Rosegrant, 1994). The severity and risks of adverse impacts are higher in less developed apple orchards region where users are quite often illiterate, ill trained, and do not possess appropriate protective equipments. It is estimated that only 0.1 per cent of applied pesticides reach the target pests, leaving the bulk of pesticides (99.9 percent) to impact the environment and human health (Pimental, 1995). The emphasis on organic horticulture is the direct outcome of the increasing awareness of the adverse effects of the excess of agro-chemical

Himachal Pradesh is a small mountainous state with a total geographical area of 55,673 square km. Its altitude ranges from 350 meters to 6,975 meters above the mean sea level. Situated in the heart of the Western Himalayas, the state is primarily an agrarian economy. More than two thirds of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. The process of crop diversification in the state started with the introduction of apple in the late fifties and sixties in district Shimla and Kullu. The process has now spread to different regions in many other districts, namely, Solan, Sirmaur and even to low and mid hill districts and encompasses cultivation of high value crops like seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables. Over the years, the state has emerged as a leading producer of temperate fruits and off- season vegetable. The area under fruit crops increased from 26,307 hectares in the triennium ending 1967-68 to 1.87 lakh hectares in the triennium ending 2005-06. 

A plethora of micro studies are available on different aspects like marketing, costs, returns, income, employment, ecological sustainability of the cultivation of high value cash crops. In net terms, these studies have shown that switching over to the cultivation of these crops from cereal crops has made a significant improvement in the economic status of the farmers in terms of their income and employment. More importantly, however, these studies have overlooked adverse impacts of the cultivation of these crops on the natural environment, particularly soil and human health. Perhaps, this was also not required, ab initio, inasmuch as the policy makers and other development agencies were, primarily concerned with improving upon standard of living of the local people. However, over the period the mono-cropping without adequate nutrient replenishment of the soil and excessive use of agro-chemicals have started manifesting in terms of dwindling crop productivity and increasing incidence of health related problems, especially in areas where cultivation of high value cash crops started 25-30 years back. Over the past decade, farmers have been complaining about the decline in apple production in the Shimla region despite using all agronomic inputs and following orchard management practices including fertilizers and pesticides. Most of the farmers in Shimla region feel that productivity of apple has declined by as much as 50 per cent as a result of the decimation of the bees and other useful insects. While the impacts of the mono-cropping and excessive use of chemical inputs are not so conspicuous in some areas, in others these are getting increasingly manifested in terms of reduced life span of the orchards, in many cases by about five to ten years, decrease in the physical productivity, deterioration in the quality of produce and loss of arable land.

1. Govt, of H.P. Revenue Department.(1988). Memorandum of Damage due to cloudburst, Heavy rain Monsoon, H.P. Press 2. Govt, of H.P. Revenue Department.(1997). Memorandum of Damage due to cloudburst, Heavy rain Monsoon, H.P. Press 3. Revenue Department. (2004). Medorandum of damage due to Flash Flood and Heavy Rain Monsoon, Government of H.P. H.P. Govt. Press. 4. Stockholm conference.(1972). UN declaration.United Nations Environment Programme.https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/human environment. 5. United Nations. (n.d). Report of The World summit on Sustainable Development. United Nations publication. 6. United Nations Climate Change Secretariat.(2019). Climate actions and support trends.Bonn, Germany,Platz der VereintenNationen. 7. Gandhi on structural violence.(n.d.).Gandhi’sPoliticalThought. Retrieved online from: https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/19695/Unit13.pdf. 8. Kaushik,A.(2010). Mahatma Gandhi and Environment Protection.Gandhian Institution- Bombay Sarvodayamandal and Gandhi Research Foundation. 9. Moolakattu,J.(2019). Mahatma Gandhi and environment. The energy and resourceinstitute.Retrievedon2/12/2019.https://www.teriin.org/article/mahatma-gandhi-and-environment. 10. Mukherjee, Pranab. (2014 July 15).Gandhiji's ideals not just past, also future, Chipko Movement taught world power of Ahimsa, says President. Press Information Bureau Government of India 11. Thakker,U. (2011). Gandhi Prespective of development. Bombay Sarvodayamandal and Gandhi research foundation. Retrieved online on 16 January 12. Tiwari,R. (2019). Gandhi as an Environmentalist.Indian Journal of Medical Research.Volume: 13. Economic Times, The. 2012. “Himachal Pradesh to Be the 1st State to Become Carbon-Neutral by 2020: Dhumal.” February 2, 2012. Last accessed on December 14, 2014 at http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/news/31017303_1_carboemission-panchayats-ghg 14. Fischer, H. W., and A. Chhatre. 2013. “Environmental Citizenship, Gender,and the Emergence of a New Conservation Politics.” Geoforum 50: 10–19. 15. Gardner, J. S. 2002. “Natural Hazards Risk in the Kullu District, HimachalPradesh, India.” Geographical Review 16. Gardner, J. S., and A. J. Sinclair. 2003. “Evaluation of Capacity and Policy Development for Environmental Sustainability: A Case from Himachal Pradesh, India.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue 17. Gaul, K. K. 2001. “On the Move: Shifting Strategies in Environmental Activism in Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh.” Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies. 18. Khan, A.R., Man, Environment & Development in Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1996. 19. Maithani, B.P., Environmental Planning for Sustainable Development of Hill Areas (A Case Study Approach), Mitlal Publications, Delhi, 1992. 20. McCully, Patrick, Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1998. Pirazizy, A.A., Man and Environment: Himachal Himalayan Perspectives, Minerva Book House, Shimla, 1992 21. Pirta, Raghubir Singh, Ecology and Human Well-being: Nature and Society in Himachal Pradesh, Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2007. 22. Rangachari, R., Bhakra-Nagal Project: Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006. 23. Rangan, Haripriya, Of Myth and Movement: Rewriting Chipko into Himalayan History, Oxford University Press, London, 2000. 24. Rajan, K.V.S., Modernizing Nature: Forestry and Imperial Eco-Development 1800-1950, Orient Longman Delhi, 2005. 25. Randhawa, M. S. and PremNath, Farmers ofjndia, Volume I, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Delhi, 1959. 26. Ribbentrop, Berthold, Forestry in British India, (first printed: Calcutta, 1900) Indus Publishing Company, Delhi, 1989.Lif 27. Sharma, DevDutt, Forests Economy and Environment, Kilaso Books, Delhi, 2005. 28. Perspective (A Case Study of Lower Himalaya), Inter-India Publication.^, Delhi, 1986. 29. Singh, B.P., Performance of Himachal Agriculture, Krishna Publicaations, Delhi, 1991. 30. Singh, Chetan, Natural Premises: Ecology and Peasant e In the Western Himalaya 1800-1950, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 998. 31. Chand, Ramesh (1996), “Ecological and Economic Impact of Horticultural Development in the Himalayas- Evidence fromHimachal Pradesh” 32. Gautam, H. R., I. M. Sharma and R. H. Kumar (2014), “Climate Change is Affecting AppleCultivation in Himachal Pradesh”, Current Science, 106(4): 498-499. 33. Chand, R. (1996), “Ecological and Economic Impact of Horticultural Development in theHimalayas: Evidence from Himachal Pradesh”, Economic and Political Weekly, 34. Gautam,H. R., I. M. Sharma and R. H. Kumar (2014), “Climate Change is Affecting AppleCultivation in Himachal Pradesh”, Current Science, 106(4): 498-499. 35. Gm, H. R., I. M. Sharma and R. H. Kumar (2014), “Climate Change is Affecting Apple Cultivation in Himachal Pradesh”, Current Science, 106(4): 498-499. 36. Singh RR, Kalia V, lal H. Impact of Climate changeon Shift of Apple belt in Himachal Pradesh. ISPRS Archives XXXVIII-8/W3 Working Proceedings: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, 2007, 37. Himachal Pradesh, State Council of Science, Technology and Environment, State of the Environment Report- Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, 2000. 38. Himachal Pradesh State Council for Science, Technology and' Environment, State of the Environment Report - Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, 2000. 39. Himachal Pradesh, State Council for Science Technology and Environment HPENVIS, quarterly, ENVIS Newsletter, Volume A-2, October-December 2006.