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| Spatial Evaluation of Crops Diversification in Haryana(1966-2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17412 Submission Date :
22/03/2023 Acceptance Date :
06/04/2023 Publication Date :
09/04/2023
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| Abstract | Haryana, is an agrarian State of India and most parts of Haryana are suited for farming. After Punjab, Green Revolution has been dominating here and this technology by encouraging wheat-rice specialization resulted into environment and natural resources degradation and emphasized upon crop diversification. Moreover the globalization and liberalization policy of early nineties that raised price and demands for diverse crops also encouraged crop diversification. Presently crop diversification has become the most pragmatic approach for raising agricultural productivity, farmer’s income, employment and agricultural development. Though, crop diversification is controlled by the geographical and climatic conditions, social and cultural conditions of the farmers, but in Haryana, the development of irrigation, markets, infrastructure, implements, fertilizers, research institutions, HYV seeds, minimum support price, degrading water and soil quality, globalization and liberalization were the dominating factors to influence crop diversification. Henceforth it has a multi-dimensional approach and to understand the various determinants, the study of crop diversification at regional level is highly useful. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | Crops, Diversification, Development. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Diversification is the variation in the existing system whether it be crops, commodities or allied sectors. Therefore, agriculture diversification refers to the production of crops with other commodities. Subsequently, the ‘concept of crop diversification’ provides competitive framework among various crops grown in a geographical space. It caters the perceptivity of areal strength of any area to produce crops (Ranjana, 2012, p.295).
Crop diversification is controlled by the prevalent geographical and climatic conditions, social and cultural conditions of the farmers and economic and technological development of any area. Hence it envisages change in the existing production system to adjust the changing environmental, economic and physical conditions of any area.
Crop diversification is influenced by various physical, social, cultural and economic factors of any region. Therefore the study of crop diversification has a multi-dimensional approach and henceforth for understanding the various determinants and drivers, the study of crop diversification at regional level is of immense use. So an attempt has been made to identify the dominating (concentrating) and competing (diversifying) crops among the districts of Haryana in three time frameworks; 1966-67; the year of formation of Haryana and also the year of launch of Green Revolution in the state, 1982-83; the year when Green Revolution has spread to all the districts of the state and also showed its impacts over the agricultural landscape of Haryana and major enactment of land reforms took place and finally 2011-12.The study of crop diversification becomes important for understanding the cropping system, trends of crop diversification, intensity of specialization, magnitude of competition among crops in a given area. It signifies level of agricultural development by impacting the crop productivity. |
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| Aim of study | On the basis of research gaps and inferences found in the reviewed literature, following objectives have been formulated: 1. To examine the levels of crop diversification at district level in Haryana during the three time frames. 2. To study the spatial patterns of crop diversification at micro regional level. 3. To identify the various determinants and drivers of crop diversification in Haryana. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | By using both primary and secondary data for 2005-15 Kumar (2018) in Rohtak district of Haryana state found that pipeline irrigation has highly influenced crop combination, cropping patterns and crop diversification and led to commercialized and specialized cropping pattern. Bansal and et.al. (2020) in Rewari and Sonepat district of Haryana analyzed influencing factors and various constraints: socio-economic and technological to crop diversification by using both primary and secondary data from 2006 to 2017. They found that education, age, size of land holdings, market facilities and technical knowledge were the major influencing and constraints for crop diversification. Neogi and Kumar (2022) crop diversification by promoting food security leads to agricultural development. By using the Shannon-Wiener diversification index at regional level in India found that there is a great increase for cash crops and cropping pattern is highly influenced by varying agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions of the regions. Duhan and Soni (2022) has visualized the cropping pattern of Haryana since 1966 and by using Simpson Index found that there was a trend towards specialization and at present farmers are moving towards crops diversification with the influence of horticultural crops. For Dalal and Shankar (2022) “Crop diversification is basically a shift from low profitable cropping system to high profitable cropping system”. However there are various constraints for crop diversification but it is an important component for raising quantity and quality of production and hence income too.
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| Main Text | The spatial pattern of crop diversification
in 1966-67, 1982-83 and 2011-12 can be visualized from Table 1.1 and Map 1.1,
1.2 and 1.3. Because of the traditional farming system in 1966-67 Haryana had a
diversified cropping pattern but with the passage of time agriculture got
developed and resulted into specialized cropping pattern in 1982-83 and highest
specialization in 2011-12 thus, negatively impacting the agricultural system of
the state. Henceforth state government gave due concern to crop diversification. Table 1.1: Crop
Diversification Index (HHI) in Haryana.
Source: Statistical Abstract, Haryana (1966-67, 1982-83 and 2011-12).
Map 1.3 |
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| Methodology | Many scholars from diverse disciplines, throughout the world, have defined crop diversification differently and also developed various methods and technique to measure crop diversification, which have their own benefits and limitations. Initially the concept of crop diversification was used by industries; it was with the efforts of Bhatia that it got recognition in geography. Besides, Index of maximum proportions, Modified Entropy Index, Simpson Index, Composite Entropy Index, Entropy Index, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Bhatia and Singh’s crop diversification index, Gibbs and Martin index, etc. are the various other methods developed over time to measure crop diversification.
For the present study data has been collected at district level from ‘Statistical Abstract, Haryana’ of the concerned years. The study has been conducted in three-time frameworks; 1966-67; the year of launch of Green Revolution and formation of Haryana, 1982-83; the year when Green Revolution got fully operationalized in all the districts of the state and final land reforms enactment took place and 2011-12.
The present study has utilized Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) as a tool of measurement of crop diversity in Haryana. It is calculated by summing up the squares of crop’s share as follow:
HHI=∑_(i=1)^n▒S_i^2
Where ‘CPi’is the share of crops in the‘t’ year and ‘n’ is the number of crops. The resultant scores ranges from 0.00 to 1.0 scale or 0 to 10,000 points. The lowest score i.e.; 0, denotes the crop diversification and the maximum score i.e.; 1, denotes the monopoly or specialization (dominance of single crop). However, after the initiatives of ‘The United States Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission’ (Department of Justice, 2015) in 2015, this method got popularized. However to avoid lubrications, modifications have been incorporated in the guidelines given by the department for the categorization of HHI scale range:
i. HHI score below 0.01 or 100 points denoted highly competitive index
ii. HHI score between 0.01 to 0.15 or 100 to 1500 points indicated diversified index
iii. HHI score between 0.15 to 0.25 or 1500 to 2500 points indicatedmoderatelydiversified index
iv. HHI score between 0.25 to 0.45 or 2500 to 4500 points indicatedlow diversified index
v. HHI score between 0.45 to 0.65 or 4500 to 6500 points indicatedlow concentrated/specialization index
vi. HHI score between 0.65 to 0.85 or 6500 to 8500 points indicatedmoderately concentrated/specialization index
vii. HHI score between 0.85 to 1 or 8500 to 10,000 points indicated highly concentrated/specialization index (monopoly) |
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| Result and Discussion | 1.1
High Competitive Index (Below
0.01) The
areas below 0.01 were having high competition for spatial expansion of the
crops, indicating the agriculturally backwardness of these areas and lower
level of agricultural development. During the study period (1966-67, 1982-83
and 2011-12) none of the districts registered index value below 0.01. 1.2 Diversified index
(between 0.01 to 0.15) These
areas displayed higher level of crop diversification. In 1966-67, Sonepat
(economic factors; nearness to Delhi) and Kurukshetra (physical factors;
fertile soil) were part of this category. Food-grains were dominating here
followed by gram, ragi, bajra, jowar, fodder, millets, rice, wheat, sugarcane,
fruits and vegetables. Due to less developed irrigation farmers were growing
various crops to earn and to fulfill their family demands. However, during
1982-83 and 2011-12, none of the districts recorded index value between 0.01 to
0.15. 1.3 Moderately Diversified Index (between 0.15 to
0.25) In
1966-67,districts like Mewat, Faridabad, Jhajjar, Gurgaon, Hisar, Sirsa, Karnal,
Panipat, Fatehabad, Jind, Kaithal, Rohtak and Rewari hadmoderatelydiversified index
and were indicating a trend towards specialization as these were also moderatelyconcentrated districts. Here
the agro-climatic conditions were influencing the cropping pattern and crops
like bajra, rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and pulses were chiefly grown. Here
again due to expansion of Green Revolution technology not even a single
district showed moderately diversified
index values during 1982-83 and 2011-12. 1.4 Low Diversified Index
(from 0.25 to 0.45) In
1966-67, Ambala, Yamuna Nagar, Palwal, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh and Panchkula
comprised of this category. The hilly terrain and dry climatic conditions
(Bhiwani, Palwal and Mahendragarh) of these districts promoted crop
diversification here. Crops such as Bajra, wheat, pulses, fruits and vegetables
were giving competition to sugarcane, rice, cotton and oilseeds. In
1982-83 Sirsa and Bhiwani, and in 2011-12 Jind and Bhiwani had low diversified
index. Earlier pulses, oilseeds and coarse grains were prominent but later,
cotton, rice and oilseeds dominated
the cropping pattern because of the improved marketing facilities governed by
the globalization and liberalization policy of the government. 1.5 Low Specialization Index
(from 0.45 to 0.65) Areas
in this category show the lowest
level of specialization but with
suitable measures these can move into diversified regions. None of the
districts in 1966-67 showed specialization, as explained above. However, during
1982-83, five districts namely Jhajjar ,Jind ,Rewari ,Rohtak and Mahendragarh
respectively, had low specialization level. In 2011-12, there was only one district;
Hisar to register lowest specialization
level. Major competing crops in
these areas were rice, oilseeds, cotton, sugarcane, jowar and maize. Cash crops
and water intensive crops were dominating the agricultural landscape of the
state during 2011-12. Although
Green Revolution led to the development of irrigation, infrastructure,
agricultural machinery, chemicals; insecticides and pesticides, fertilizers,
HYV seeds and many others to increase yield among the districts of the state
and resulted in monopoly of certain crops (wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane),
but still it could not compete with the dry agro-climatic conditions of the
districts like Jhajjar, Jind, Rewari, Rohtak, Mahendragarh and Hisar. Earlier
in 1966-67 these areas were diversified,
but now the rising specialization
will put a strain on the agricultural resources and agricultural development
process and will lead to environmental degradation as well. 1.6 Moderate Specialization
Index (From 0.65 to 0.85) No
district in 1966-67 had moderate
specialization index. During
1982-83, the competition from food grains and cash crops drastically lowered
the acreage of coarse grains and of others crops in Gurgaon, Hisar, Mewat,
Fatehabad, Palwal, Kaithal and Faridabad and registered moderate specialization index. The sandy soil, undeveloped
irrigation and agro-climatic conditions were responsible factors. But with
government emphasis in 2011-12, spatial growth was registered by bajra, rice
and fruits and vegetables’ cultivation. In
2011-12; Kaithal, Sirsa, Fatehabad, Jhajjar, Gurgaon, Mahendragarh and Rohtak
registered moderate specialization
index scores. In these districts the cropping pattern was highly influenced by
the location factor; nearness to New Delhi, and henceforth only those crops
were grown which could suppress the demand (fruits and vegetables) and which
(wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane and few pulses) could gain more profit from the
nearby markets. 1.7 High Specialization
Index (From 0.85 To 1) During
1966-67, none of the district’s of Haryana belongedto thiscategory. In
1982-83, Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Panipat, Yamuna Nagar, Panchkula and
Sonepat, whereas in 2011-12, Rewari, Panipat, Mewat, Karnal, Yamuna Nagar, Faridabad,
Ambala, Kurukshetra, Palwal, Sonepat and Panchkula displayed High specialization index.
The factors such as huge
demands, rising crops’ price and developed agricultural base encouraged farmers
to overcome the terrain difficulties in North-Eastern parts. In the Northern parts,
the technological advancements, developed irrigation, fertile soil, globalization and
liberalization policies and location played a key role in achieving, high specialization level. |
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| Findings | The study revealed that in 1966-67 in Haryana higher level of crop diversification was under the influence of traditional farming methods, physical factors and technological backwardness, whereas in 1982-83 and 2011-12, economic factors along with developed irrigation, infrastructure and technology shifted the diversed cropping pattern towards specialization and commercialization. Though, Green Revolution has raised the land and labour productivity but it has also created socio-economic and environmental problems. Hence it can be envisaged that higher the usage of developed technology lower the level of crop diversification. As a result of this presently in Haryana, crop diversification is taking place in the form of acreage extension of horticultural and commercial crops because of the liberalization policy. Over the agricultural landscape of Haryana, jowar, ragi, millets and fodder had lost their spatial extension completely. But with the introduction of HYV seeds of bajra and maize these crops portrayed acreage expansion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conclusion | The prevailing socio-economic, geo-climatic and technological factors determines the level of crop diversification. By generating employment, natural resources sustainability and output growth, the crop diversification in any region led to agricultural development. The study revealed that in 1966-67 in Haryana higher level of crop diversification was under the influence of traditional farming methods, physical factors and technological backwardness, whereas in 1982-83 and 2011-12, economic factors along with developed irrigation, infrastructure and technology shifted the diversed cropping pattern towards specialization and commercialization. Though, Green Revolution has raised the land and labour productivity but it has also created socio-economic and environmental problems. Hence it can be envisaged that higher the usage of developed technology lower the level of crop diversification. As a result of this presently in Haryana, crop diversification is taking place in the form of acreage extension of horticultural and commercial crops because of the liberalization policy. Over the agricultural landscape of Haryana, jowar, ragi, millets and fodder had lost their spatial extension completely. But with the introduction of HYV seeds of bajra and maize these crops portrayed acreage expansion. From the present study it can be propounded that crop diversification takes place in two conditions. Firstly, when the agriculture is of subsistence nature and secondly when there is higher specialization. Moreover from the HHI it can also be concluded that crop diversification signifies the lower level of agricultural development; in 1966-67 there wasmoderate to high diversification but lower level of agricultural development and in 1982-83 and 2011-12 moderate to high specialization and higher level of agricultural development. By understanding crop diversification as the need of the hour, Indian Government in 2011-12 launched ‘Crop Diversification in Original Green Revolution States’ in Haryana along with Punjab and Utter Pradesh and sanctioned funds for the encouragement of crop diversification. “Haryana has plans to divert 60,000 hectares of area under paddy to other crops including guar (16,800 hectares), maize (9,250 hectares), poplar (25,000 hectares) and short term rice (3,000 hectares) in the ongoing kharif season. Haryana government will be providing subsidy to the tune of up to Rs 10,000 per hectare through these funds to farmers on seeds and insecticides for opting for alternative crops” (One India, 2013, p.1). Moreover TMO, NHM, MSP, ISOPOM, TMC, HAFED, agricultural banks and many others also helped in diversifying the agriculture of Haryana. Therefore, for sustainable agricultural development: for enhancing agricultural productivity and managing natural resource crop diversification bags utmost importance. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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