ISSN: 2456–4397 RNI No.  UPBIL/2016/68067 VOL.- VIII , ISSUE- II May  - 2023
Anthology The Research
Effect of Heavy Metals on Total Chlorophyll Content of Raphanus Sativus Variety Pusa Chetki
Paper Id :  17638   Submission Date :  19/05/2023   Acceptance Date :  22/05/2023   Publication Date :  24/05/2023
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Rajshree Gupta
Associate Professor
Department Of Botany
BBD Government College
Chimanpura, Shahpura,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract Pigments are responsible for metabolic reactions. Chlorophyll content gives a good idea about the productivity of plants and as an index of community function. There is a close connection between amount of chlorophyll and rate of photosynthesis. The data regardless the effect of heavy metals on total chlorophyll content of cultivar Pusa chetki of Raphanus sativus have reduced in table form. A regular decrease was found in total chlorophyll content of Raphanus sativus cb pusa chetki with increase concentrations of heavy metals.
Keywords Total Chlorophyll Content, Pigments.
Introduction
Plant pigments are the synthetic products of plants formed during metabolic activities of cell. Various pigments are found in plants of which chlorophyll are the most important. They represent the green colour of plants and are essential for photosynthesis. As a result of photosynthesis, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are synthesized by absorbing light energy in the presence of chlorophyll. Both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b show an absorption maximum in the blue violet region with the peaks of about 429 nm and 452 nm. They also have a secondary absorption maximum in the red region with the peaks of about 660 nm and 642 nm respectively.
Aim of study To find out the effect of heavy metals on total chlorophyll content of plant (Raphanus sativus variety Pusa chetki).
Review of Literature
A review of literature revealed that different explanations have been put forward for the reduction in pigment content by the application of heavy metals in many plants [Bazzaz et. al. (1974a,b), Mishra and Kar (1974), Hale et. al. (1985), Kalimuthu and Sivasubramaniyan (1990), Kiran et. al. (1996), and Kumar (1999)]. 
Among all the heavy metals considered, Cd was found to be the most toxic for the pigment contents of the cultivator Pusa chetki of R. sativus L.
Methodology
For the estimation of total chlorophyll contents the method given by Arnon (1949) and Mahadevan and Sridhar (1982) was followed. 10 days old leaves of seedling of Raphanus sativus var Pusa chetki were taken, 50 mg leaf tissue was made for each treated sample and was rapidly groomed and homogenized with 50ml of 80% Acetone in a mortar with pestle. The extract was centrifuged at 2000 ppm for 10 minutes. Then the volume was made to 10ml with 80% Acetone. The clear superintendant solution was examined for total chlorophyll at wavelengths 645 nm and 663 nm in a spectrophotometer. The values of pigments were expressed in terms of mg/g fresh weight as suggested by Arnon (1949) and Mahadevan and Sridhar (1982). The pigment concentrations were calculated with the help of the following formula- Total chlorophyll = 20.2 0.D. 665 + 8.02 × O.D. 663 a × 100 × W × V mg/g Here, O.D. = Optical density (absorbance of light in 1 cm cell) V = Volume of extract in ml a = Length of light path in cell (cm) W= Fresh weight of leaves in gm The observations of total chlorophyll contents of Raphanus sativus var Pusa chetki L. were tabulated and data was than analysed statistically employing F-test (Bishop 1996, Peterson 1939) at 1% and 5% level of significance.
Result and Discussion

The data and respect of the effect of different metals on total chlorophyll of Raphanus sativus var Pusa chetki were recorded in table. 

A regular decrease was found in total chlorophyll content of Raphanus sativus var Pusa chetki with increasing concentration of heavy metals (Table 1). Highly significant results for recorded control versus treatments and also among various chemicals themselves. 

It was noticed that Cd and Pb in comparison to Zn, Cu and Ni, drastically reduce the total content at the highest concentration (500 ppm). 

It was apparent from the observations that in control the total chlorophyll content in cultivator Pusa chetki of radish ranged from 0.567 to 0.573 mg/g fresh weight. 

The pigment contents in R. sativus might have decrease due to inhibitor of several physiological processes, mainly photosynthesis. 

It may be due to the interference with synthesis of structural component i.e. protein of chloroplasts due to the presence of heavy metals which in turn may effect their synthesis, resulting in the depletion of pigment contents. 

**(Values represents the mean of three replicates)

Analysis of Variance: 

F-ratio :- 

(i) Control Vs. Treatment = 58.29*** (ii) Among Treatments = 56.11**& (iii) Among Chemicals = -3.67 (Ins) 

Nd = Not detectable 
Conclusion It may be due to the interference with synthesis of structural component i.e. protein of chloroplasts due to the presence of heavy metals which in turn may effect their synthesis, resulting in the depletion of pigment contents. Among all the heavy metals considered, Cd was found to be the most toxic for the pigment contents of the cultivator Pusa chetki of R. sativus L.
References
1. Arnon, D.I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant physiol. 24: 1-15 2. Bazaaz, F. A., Rolfe, G. L. and Carlson, R. W. 1974a. Effects of Cd on photosynthesis and transpiration of excised leaves of corn and sunflower. Physiol. Plant, 32: 373-376 3. Bazaaz, F. A., Ralfe, G. S. and Windle, P. 1947b. Differing sensitivity of corn and soyabean photosynthesis and transpiration to lead concentration. J. Environ. Qual. 6: 72-77 4. Bishop, O.N. 1966. Statistics for Biology. A practical guide for the experimental biologists. The principles of modern biology series. Longmans. 5. Hale, J.C., Ormrod, D.P., Laffey, P.J. and Allien, O. B. 1985. Effect of Nickel and Copper mixture on tomato in sand culture. Environ. Pollut. 39: 53-69 6. Kalimuthu, K. and Sivasubramaniyan, R. 1990. Physiological effects of heavy metals on Zea mays (maize) seedlings. Indian J. Plant physiol. 33: 242 244 7. Khan, M. R., Khan, M. W. and Singh, K. 1996. Growth performances of chickpea under the influence of Nickel and Cobalt as soil pollutants. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 75: 193-196 8. Kumar, S. 1999. Effect of some heavy metals on biochemical changes in excised leaves of Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don. Adv. Plant Sci. 12: 183-190 9. Mahadevan, A. and Sridhar, R. 1982. Methods in physiological plant pathology. Sivakasi publications, Madras. 79-80 10. Mishra, D. and Kar, M. 1974. Nickel in plant growth and metabolism. Bot. Rev. 40: 395-452 11. Peterson D. D. 1939. Statistical technique in Agriculture research. New York and London.