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| Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach to Nanotechnology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17731 Submission Date :
12/06/2023 Acceptance Date :
20/06/2023 Publication Date :
25/06/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract | Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant research interest due to their wide range of potential applications in medicine, electronics, biotechnology, kinetics, spintronics, sensors, catalysis, pigment, adsorption, optical devices, DNA labeling, drug delivery, and piezoelectricity. NPs are especially attractive for their use as catalysts, as they can be used to promote chemical reactions without the need for toxic solvents or harsh conditions. NPs are often non-toxic and biodegradable, making them a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional catalysts. One promising method for synthesizing metal oxide NPs is through a biogenic process, which uses living organisms to produce the NPs. This method has several advantages over traditional methods, including the fact that it is environmentally friendly, scalable, and can produce high-quality NPs. Biogenic synthesis of metal oxide NPs has been used to produce NPs for a variety of applications, including the treatment of cancer and the catalysis of organic reactions. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | NPs,XRD, SEM, TEM, Biodegradable, Green Synthesis. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of research with the potential to revolutionize many industries. Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension in the nanometer range (1-100 nanometers) (Roduner, 2006). Nanomaterials have unique properties that make them ideal for a variety of applications, including catalysis (Somwanshi, Somvanshi, & Kharat, 2020), sensing (Munawar, Ong, Schirhagl, Tahir, Khan, & Bajwa, 2019), drug delivery (P.couvreur, 2013), and biotechnology.
There are two main approaches to synthesizing nanomaterials: top-down and bottom-up. Top-down methods involve breaking down a bulk material into smaller pieces, while bottom-up methods involve building up nanomaterials from individual atoms or molecules.
Top-down methods are generally less expensive and easier to scale up than bottom-up methods, but they can produce nanomaterials with less desirable properties. Bottom-up methods are more expensive and difficult to scale up, but they can produce nanomaterials with superior properties.
The main factor that determines the properties of a nanoparticle is its size. Nanoparticles with smaller sizes have larger surface areas, which can lead to enhanced reactivity and solubility (Englebienne & Hoonacker, 2005).
Nanoparticles can be synthesized using a variety of methods including: physical, chemical, and biological methods. Physical methods involve using high-energy processes, such as laser ablation or electron beam irradiation, to break down a bulk material into smaller pieces. Chemical methods involve using chemical reactions to reduce metal salts to form nanoparticles. Biological methods involve using living organisms, such as bacteria or plants, to produce nanoparticles.
The choice of synthesis method depends on the desired properties of the nanoparticles and the specific application. Physical methods are often used to produce nanoparticles with high purity and narrow size distributions (Rajput, 2015). Chemical methods are often used to produce nanoparticles with specific shapes and functional groups. Biological methods are often used to produce nanoparticles with high biocompatibility (Gudikandula & Maringanti, 2016).
Nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize many industries, but they also pose some potential risks. Nanoparticles can be toxic to living organisms, and they can also be harmful to the environment. It is important to carefully consider the risks and benefits of using nanoparticles before using them in any application.
The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a promising new approach to producing nanoparticles that are environmentally friendly and safe for human use (Parveen, Banse, & Ledwani, 2016). Green synthesis methods use environmentally benign solvents and non-toxic chemicals, and they often involve the use of living organisms. Green synthesis methods are still in their early stages of development, but they have the potential to revolutionize the field of nanotechnology. |
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| Aim of study | To Find Environmentally friendly approaches to synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles by green Route. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | S Ahmed et
al.(2016) Study show That the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using
Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent is a
topic of interest in recent research. The identification of the compounds
responsible for silver ion reduction was achieved through FTIR analysis of the
functional groups present in the plant extract. Characterization techniques
such as DLS, photoluminescence, TEM, and UV-Visible spectrophotometry were
utilized to examine the synthesized nanoparticles. The UV-Visible
spectrophotometer revealed absorbance peaks within the range of 436-446 nm. The
antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles against both gram-positive
(Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms was
demonstrated. Additionally, photoluminescence studies confirmed the properties
of the synthesized nanoparticles. This method offers advantages such as
simplicity, rapidity, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and serves as an
alternative to traditional physical/chemical approaches. Importantly, the
conversion of silver ions to nanoparticles occurred within a short timeframe of
15 minutes at room temperature, without the need for hazardous chemicals. K mallikarjun
et al.(2011) In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the
leaf broth of Ocimum sanctum as a reductant and stabilizer. The nanoparticles
ranged from 3-20 nm and were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, XRD,
TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. The XRD pattern indicated the presence of specific
crystal planes, while FTIR analysis identified biomolecules responsible for
nanoparticle stabilization. Devatha et al.(2016) The green synthesis of
iron nanoparticles using various leaf extracts was investigated for the
treatment of domestic wastewater. Characterization techniques such as UV-Vis
spectrophotometry, SEM with EDX, and FTIR confirmed the formation of iron
nanoparticles and the presence of biomolecules as capping agents. Azadiracta
indica-synthesized iron nanoparticles exhibited high efficiency in removing
total phosphates, ammonia nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand from wastewater,
outperforming other leaf extracts. Sangeetha et
al.(2011) This paper presents the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using a
chemical method with zinc nitrate and a biological method using Aloe vera leaf
extract. The nanoparticles exhibited high stability and spherical shape.
Characterization techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, photoluminescence, SEM, TEM,
and XRD confirmed the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the
nanoparticles, with an average size range of 25-40 nm. The particle size could
be controlled by adjusting the concentration of the leaf extract. Petal et
al.(2012) Palladium nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using soybean
leaf extract. The reduction of palladium ions by the extract was confirmed by
UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. The amino acids present in the
extract acted as both reducing agents and surfactants, preventing
agglomeration. XRD analysis confirmed the phase purity, and TEM images revealed
spherical particles with a size of 15 nm. Sundrarajan and
Gowri(2011) Plant extracts are increasingly used for the environmentally
friendly synthesis of nanoparticles. In this study, titanium dioxide
nanoparticles were synthesized using nyctanthes leaves extract.
Characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, and PSA confirmed the
crystallinity, purity, and size range of the nanoparticles. This method offers
potential for biomedical and nanotechnology applications without adverse
effects Das et
al.(2010) Centella asiatica leaf extract was used to synthesize gold
nanoparticles through reduction of AuCl4− ions. The nanoparticles were characterized
by UV–visible spectra, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. The particles exhibited varied
shapes and sizes, high crystallinity, and a (1 1 1) preferential orientation.
The presence of phenolic compounds indicated biomolecules responsible for
capping and stabilization. This eco-friendly method offers potential for
bio-molecular imaging and therapy. Mahiuddin et
al.(2020) Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Piper chaba stem
extract. The AgNPs were characterized using various techniques, showing uniform
dispersion and moderate size distribution. The nanoparticles exhibited
catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and degradation of
methylene blue. The phytochemicals on the surface of AgNPs provided
stabilization. Niraimethee et
al.(2016) Iron oxide nanoparticles were
synthesized using Mimosa pudica root extract. Characterization techniques such
as UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, PDA, and VSM were
employed. The nanoparticles exhibited a sharp peak at 294 nm in the UV-Vis
spectrum, confirming surface plasmon resonance. SEM revealed spherical
nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 67 nm. The nanoparticles displayed
superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. Suman et
al.(2014) Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using Morinda citrifolia root
extract. Characterization techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR,
FE-SEM, EDX, and TEM were employed. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a
peak at 540 nm in the UV-vis spectrum and XRD peaks corresponding to the cubic
structure of metallic gold. The presence of proteins in the extract played a
role in nanoparticle formation and stabilization. The nanoparticles appeared
triangular and mostly spherical, with sizes ranging from 12.17 to 38.26 nm. Rao et al.(2016) The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Diospyros paniculata root extracts was investigated. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a plasmon peak at 428 nm, confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, and TEM showed an average diameter of 17 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic strains. Uddin et al.(2016) A green synthesis method using Berberis balochistanica stem extract was developed for nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs). The synthesized BBS-NiONPs showed antioxidant activity, cytotoxic potential, antimicrobial effects, and enhanced seed germination. The phytochemical-rich extract facilitated reduction and stabilization of NiONPs. The eco-friendly synthesis process offers potential applications in biomedical and agricultural fields. |
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| Methodology | Structural characterization techniques used to analyze the size, shape, lattice constants, and crystallinity of nanoparticles (NPs) include X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (EM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Internal chemical characterization techniques used to identify the internal chemical constituents of NPs include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). This paper provides an overview of two characterization techniques for both structural and internal chemical characterization of NPs. |
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| Tools Used | XRD The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is a convenient analytical method used to identify the crystalline forms of samples. This technique relies on the analysis of the diffraction patterns produced by X-rays interacting with the crystal lattice of a material. The diffraction pattern obtained can be analyzed using the following equation. 2dsinθ=nλ Where d is interplaner distance, θ is differaction angle, λ is x ray wave length and n is integer. The X-ray diffractometer operated at 40kV and 30mA, using Cu (Kα) radiation with a wavelength of 1.5416 A°. The range of 2θ values measured was from 20° to 90°, and the Kα doublets were clearly distinguishable. By applying Scherrer's formula (1), the size of the crystallites in the nanoparticles can be determined. D=kλ/(β cosθ ) ………………………(1) Where k is constant, λ = 1.5416 A° is x ray wavelength, β is Full width half maxima and θ is half diffraction angle. EDS Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) is a method of analyzing samples for elemental composition. It involves directing a high-energy beam of electrons, protons, or X-rays onto the sample. By using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the emitted X-rays from the specimen can be measured in terms of their energy and quantity. This allows for the determination of the elemental composition of the sample. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a powerful imaging technique used to obtain detailed surface information of solid samples. In SEM, a focused beam of electrons scans the surface of the sample, and the interactions between the electrons and the sample produce various signals that can be detected and analyzed. The primary electron beam scans back and forth across the sample in a raster pattern. As the beam interacts with the sample, different signals are generated, including secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and characteristic X-rays. These signals carry information about the topography, composition, and other surface properties of the sample. Secondary electrons are low-energy electrons emitted from the top few nanometers of the sample's surface. They provide high-resolution imaging of the sample's surface topography, revealing details such as surface morphology, texture, and roughness. Backscattered electrons are higher-energy electrons that interact with the atomic nuclei of the sample. The intensity of backscattered electrons depends on the atomic number of the elements present in the sample. By detecting and analyzing the backscattered electrons, valuable compositional information about the sample can be obtained. SEM is a versatile tool widely used in various fields, including materials science, nanotechnology, biology, geology, and forensic science. It provides high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging and valuable compositional information, making it an essential tool for surface characterization and analysis. FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to analyze the molecular composition and functional groups present in a sample. It operates by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation by the sample. In FTIR, a beam of infrared light is passed through the sample, and the molecules in the sample absorb specific frequencies of the infrared light, resulting in characteristic absorption peaks in the spectrum. These absorption peaks correspond to the vibrational modes of the molecular bonds, providing information about the types of chemical bonds and functional groups present in the sample. TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is a powerful imaging technique that allows for high-resolution visualization of the internal structure and morphology of materials at the nanoscale. In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, and the resulting electron-matter interactions generate a magnified image on a fluorescent screen or a digital detector. The high-energy electron beam provides exceptional resolution, enabling the visualization of features as small as atomic dimensions. TEM also offers additional capabilities such as selected area diffraction (SAD) for crystallographic analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental identification. This technique is widely used in materials science, nanotechnology, biology, and various other scientific disciplines for detailed examination and characterization of nanostructures. |
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| Analysis | Table : Green
NPs from plant leaves, Fruit, seeds and roots.
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| Result and Discussion | Green Synthesis
of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles The green
synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is a rapidly developing field
that has attracted significant attention in recent years. This is due to the
fact that green synthesis methods offer a number of advantages over
traditional methods, including: Environmentally friendly, Safe, Efficient,
Scalable. There are a
number of different green synthesis methods that can be used to produce metal
and metal oxide nanoparticles. Some of the most common methods include: Plant-mediated,
Bacterial-mediated, Fungi-mediated, Enzyme-mediated synthesis (Raveendran,
Fu, & Wallen, 2003).
The green
synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles has a wide range of potential
applications, including: Biomedicine, Environmental remediation, Energy,
Electronics and Materials science. |
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| Conclusion | The green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to nanotechnology. By utilizing natural sources such as plant extracts, the synthesis process becomes cost-effective, non-toxic, and renewable. These green nanoparticles have shown promising properties and applications in various fields, including biomedical, agricultural, and environmental applications. With the increasing demand for sustainable solutions, the green synthesis approach holds great potential for the development of eco-friendly nanomaterials with reduced environmental impact. Further research and exploration in this field are warranted to unlock the full potential of green nanotechnology. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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