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| Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Fresh Water A Case Study of Jaisamand Lake, Alwar | |||||||
| Paper Id :
17774 Submission Date :
16/06/2023 Acceptance Date :
22/06/2023 Publication Date :
25/06/2023
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| Abstract | Physico-Chemical studies have been carried out for various parameters at monthly interval. Atmospheric and water temperature followed seasonal pattern being higher in summer and lower in winter PH was slightly alkaline, Chloride varied between 30 to 60 mg/l total alkalinity varied between 120 mg/l to 210 mg/l, nitrate was the main nutrient in all the 6 sites of the lake other parameters observed under permissible limit. | ||||||
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| Keywords | Physico-Chemical, Chloride, Total alkalinity and Nitrate. | ||||||
| Introduction |
Water is one of the most valuable resources of this planet. The ponds and lakes found in the desert area accounts for common environmental characteristics, high atmospheric temperature as well as water temperature, high light intensity, high rate of evaporation comparatively high alkalinity and salinity etc. Most of the districts of Rajasthan state fall under arid and semi arid zones.
Ensconced in the picturesque cradle of the Aravali's geologically the oldest mountain range in the world is located the town of ALWAR equidistant from Delhi (170 km), Jaipur (150 km.) and Agra(165 km.) paradoxically Alwar is both the oldest and newest of the Rajput Kingdom of Rajasthan located at trijunction of the three states of UP Haryana and Rajasthan.
The JAISAMAND LAKE is one of the prominent lake of distt Alwar in Rajasthan Geographically is situated on 27˚4 ‘to 28˚4 ‘North Latitude and 76˚7’ to 77˚13’ East longitude l Distance of Jaisamand lake is about 8 km. South west from Alwar city.
The water of the lake is being used for irrigation, drinking, fish farming, recharging neighboring wells, washing cloths and for discharge of ashes etc. |
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| Aim of study | Objective of present study is to analyse the different physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, alkalinity, nitrates etc., and to find out the lake water is fit for drinking or fit for other purposes as irrigation, pisciculture, clothes washing. | ||||||
| Review of Literature | The Alwar region experienced erratic rain fall. So at a point of time when lake is full of water used for Trapa cultivation and Fish culture along with other activities. When the lake region empty used as agricultural land for different types of crops.So physico chemical parameters of a fresh water body become important some of the similar studies are mentioned below. Topping and scudder (1977) studied some physicochemical features of saline lake in British Columbia.Dayma (2002) salt Lake of Sambhar lake. Dhamija and Jain (1994) studied variations the physico chemical parameters like temperature, pH transparency, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides and dissolved O₂ of fresh water lake at Jabalpur. Odum (1996) described the fresh water ecology including physical and chemical constituents, geographical status and their community organization of fresh water bodies. Similar physico-chemical studies were carried out at different places as . Khorwal et al (2010) a fresh water pond Baini Talai Deedwana district nagaur (Raj), Khorwal et.al (2010) three fresh water ponds in deedwana district Nagaur,Arafat, et. al (2021) Assessment of physic chemical Properties of water and their seasonal variation in an urban river in Bangaldesh, Anubha, et. al (2022) studies on physic chemical status of two ponds in chapra district, Debangshu, et . al (2022) Aquatic physico chemical parameters and their possible impact on fresh water bodies. |
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| Main Text | Physical Parameters a. Water temperature It was measured by Centigrade thermometer at 6 inches depth under the water surface at the sampling sites. b. Atmospheric temperature It was recorded at the sampling sites with the help of a centigrade thermometer and it was compared regularly against a precision thermometer certified by nation al Bureau of standards. c. Transparency Transparency of water was determined by secchi disc method (Trivedy and Goel 1984) and odum1986. For better results measurements were made during the middle of the summery day. d. Colour of water sample The colour of the water sample was noted visually. e. Odour : Odour of water sample at various sites noticed. f. Density: Density of pond water was measured with the help of Beaume's hydrometer (LIMCO) for this water was transferred to a cylinder of one litre capacity. The hydrometer was suspended vertically into the water and reading was noted. The density was measured in degree, Beau me (Be) unit. Chemical Parameters a. pH (Potentia hydrogenii) The pH of water was determined at the study sites by the indicator papers the pH was further confirmed in the Laboratory with digital pH meter (model AGRONIC-511). b. Chloride: It is an important anion in the water the saltish taste in water is produced by varie concentration of chloride and chemical composition of water. c. Total alkalinity, Carbonates and Bicarbonates: The major contributors of alkalinity are bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides and to some lesser extent phosphates. silicates, borates sulphides, sulphites, ammonia and salts of organic acids. The alkalinity analysis of water samples were not altered in any way like filtration, dilution or concentration. The sample bottles were not opened before analysis. The sample were analysed as soon as possible. Preferably with in a few hrs. the samples were stored at 4°C for a maximum of 24 hrs prior to their analysis Total alkalinity of different samples was determined by trimetric method. 4. Nitrate: In the present study phenol disulphonic acid method was adopted for estimation of Nitrate. |
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| Methodology | The water samples from the Jaisamand lake were collected and analyzed on monthly basis. The collection, preservation and physico-chemical analysis of water samples were estimated according to standard methods suggested by Trivedy and Goel (1984). The following physico- chemical parameters were studied. |
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| Result and Discussion | In India water is going to be the most serious problem in 21st century due to rapidly increasing population (Gupta and Deshpande 2004). The economy of our country is influenced by three evil stars food, drought and desert. So immediate steps have to be taken up for water conservation protection of water bodies and their management All the perennial water bodies have to be monitored regularly for water quality assessment and their use for various purposes. In water quality physico- chemical characteristics rank among the most important criteria. The water samples were collected at monthly interval (Jan. 2021to Dec. 2021) from four different sites in cleaned polythene bottles and were analyzed according to standard methods Supported by Trivedy and Goel (1954), The water mean temperature was reached up to 35.87°C in the month of June & mean minimum temp,was recorded 13.87°C in the month of Dec (Table:1)
CL= Colourless, OL= Odourless The temperature variations in fish water lakes and ponds of benign environment on an average do not exceed 8° C Sumitra (1969), Jana and Sarkar (1970) Tandon and Singh (1972) and Zutshi and Khan (1977). During rainy season (June to Sep) the muddy colour of water was due to suspended soil particles, minerals and organic materials. Secchi disc transparency was low at site 4 it was 15cm. while it was recorded high at site I it was 35cm The data show similar characteristics was observed by Alam (1980) and Dayma (2002).The odour of lake was not objectionable except in the month of Sep Oct.it was objectionable, in the month of Sep. and October due 10 excess of organic matter and Trapa growth. Annual average pH values and range of the lake water round the year was slightly alkaline (7.1 to -8.65). Chloride varied between 30mg/l to 60 mg/l it's maximum content was found during summer. This was in accordance with Mahananda et.al (2005).Total alkalinity varied. between 120 to 210 mg/l and was found maximum in February as also reported by Prasad and Singh (2003), Jain and Dhamija (2000) stated that high total alkalinity is an indicator of polluted water body. Present study revealed that the physico chemical parameters fluctuated throughout year. |
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| Conclusion | In the study period was observed the lake was being used as drinking purpose by cattles and other animals in monsoon. In the month of September.Fish culture was there, and Trapa cultivation was also there during winter, when rainfall during the monsoon period is less than that of average rainfall of the district than the storage of water in the tank remains less than of full (23 ft 2 inch) reserveair capacity. In that case the tank is emptied up to December and after that bed cultivation done in the surge area of thousands of hectares by the cultivators. Present results indicate that the lake water is fit for irrigation, pisciculture, cloth washing and unfit for drinking purpose without any treatment. | ||||||
| References | 1. Alam, M. 1980. Limnological studies of Sambhar Salt Lake and its reservoir Ph.D. Thesis University of Jodhpur Jodhpur
2. Arafat et.al 2021 Assessment of physico chemical properties of water and their seasonal variation in an urban river in Bangladesh.
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14. Topping. MS. and Scudder, G.G.E. 1997. Some physico-Chemical features of saline lake in British Columbia syesis: 10:145-146
15. Trivedy, R.K. P.K. Goel 1984 Chemical and Biological methods. 15 Trivedy, RK and Deshpande, D. (2004) Water-for-India in 2050-firs order assessment of available option: Current Science 86 (9) 16-1224 for water pollution studies Envision publication, latias:
16.Zutshi, D and Khan, M.A. 1977. Limnological investigations of two subtropical lakes. Geobios 4(2) 45- |
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