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| Chemical Analysis Regarding River Ganga (Worshipped as Goddess in Hindu Culture) in Kanpur District | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17789 Submission Date :
06/07/2023 Acceptance Date :
10/07/2023 Publication Date :
12/07/2023
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| Abstract | In Kanpur, it was found that the Ganga, water was very polluted, which may be linked to direct industrial effluent discharge in addition to sewage and other pollution discharges. The downstream DO level was relatively low compared to the upstream side's constant and somewhat higher threshold limit. However, in 2019 it increased and showed a tendency of growth. The BOD level at the downstream side was found to be much higher than 3 mg/L in every four years, indicating that organic pollutants from both industrial and residential sectors had contaminated the river waterThe concentration of TC and FC revealed significant industrial and human influence in the Ganga River system in Kanpur. When harmful bacteria are present in such high concentrations, both people and animals may suffer. Although the trend for TC (Total Coliform) and FC (Fecal Coliform) bacteria has been declining since 2017, there is still more work to be done, both administratively and in the community | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | Kanpur, Ganga, Hydrology, Chemical Analysis, PAHs, Ionic Concentration. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
In India, pollution in most of the rivers has reached to its disaster point. Many rivers, including the great Ganga, have been impacted by a large human population and anthropogenic activities such as urban, industrial, and agricultural activity. Approximately 37% of Indians live along the Ganges River. About 47% of India's total irrigated land is supported by the Ganga. . People employ hazardous fertilisers and chemicals that poison the water and kill all the bacteria in the soil. Water contamination is caused by pesticides like atrazine, benomyl, and linuron, among others. DDT is the major risk to the Ganga. Plastic is widely used and in huge amount along with other rubbish are dumped into the Ganga in urban areas. |
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| Aim of study | To analyse physico-chemical parameters and ionic concentration. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | 1. Rout et al.,
(2022) identified the architecture of community microbes as well as its roles
in sediments of Ganga River in Kanpur (India), along 3 polluted lengths
employing HiSeq 2500 Illumina for metagenomics in high-resolution. Bacteria
comprise with over 82% of the microorganisms in 3 sediment samples from the
polluted Ganges. α, β, and γ Pseudomonadota are the predominant bacterium
phylum in 3 samples of sediment. Significantly more genes implicated in the
breakdown of chlorobenzene, chlorocyclohexane, xenobiotic substances
nitrotoluene, benzoate, and aminobenzoate were present in the microbiota of
contaminated areas. In the metagenome data of sediment from the Ganga River,
pathway analysis utilising the KEGG database indicated a greater prevalence of
genes responsible for metabolism of energy, including nitrogen, methane,
sulphur, carbon and oxidative phosphorylation fixation pathways 2. The samples
of water were taken periodically from 9 chosen locations along the central
section of the Ganga River from Haridwar to Kanpur by Kumar et al., (2019).
During the hot season (March to June), dry season (Nov to Jan), and wet season
(July to Sept) seasons from November 2016 to September 2017, the velocity,
temperature, hardness, alkalinity, pH, DO, BOD, and COD, as well as analysis of
heavy metal of sediment and water samples, all were examined 3. Singh et
al., (2018) conducted an analysis of records obtained from the CPCB of India,
which continually tracks several quality metrics of water throughout the season
at periodic intervals. Statistical analysis for the various Ganges River
biogeochemical WQ metrics has been done. 6 cities have been selected for
analysis of the Ganga River's water quality. The 6 cities that were selected
are Kanpur, Kolkata, Varanasi, Allahabad, Haridwar, and Patna, all of them are
located along the Ganga River 4. The
importance of the association among the physio-chemical characteristics of
water samples taken from the Ganga River in Kanpur was examined by Madhulekha
et al., (2017). At the sampling station of Kanpur, samples of water were taken
throughout the warm, rainy, and cold seasons of the 2016 and 2017 academic year
from 3 sampling sites along the Ganga: siddnath ghat, dhoni ghat, and bithor
ghat. 5. On foggy days in Kanpur, Singh and Gupta (2016) reported the geographical distribution, potential sources, and quantities of 16 PAHs that were deposited on submicron particles and assessed the health risk they posed. 24 urban fog day samples from Kanpur, the most populous city in India's Indo-Gangetic plain as well as a major urban centre in the north, were tested for 16 PAHs (2 to 6 rings). 6. In the years 2011 and 2012, Tiwari et al., (2016) collected samples of water from the River Ganges in Allahabad, Kanpur, and Varanasi locations for the research. Cold weather had the lowest temperature (17°C) ever recorded. At the Allahabad location, the values for TDS, sulphate, EC, pH, phosphate, COD, NO3-, and BOD were at their lowest. |
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| Methodology | Physical Parameters
i. pH
ii. Temperature
iii. Hardness
iv. Conductance
v. Turbidity
vi. TS (Total Solids)
vii. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)
Inorganic content
i. Fluoride
ii. Nitrate
iii. Iron
iv. Calcium
v. Magnesium
vi. Sulphate |
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| Tools Used | To analyse physico - chemical parameters and ionic concentration . | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result and Discussion | Physico –
chemical parameters
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|
No of sample |
Fluoride |
Nitrate |
Iron |
Calcium |
Magnesium |
Sulphate |
|
|
(mg/l) |
(mg/l) |
(mg/l) |
(mg/l) |
(mg/l) |
(mg/l) |
|
1 |
0.165 |
26.545 |
0.1275 |
33.075 |
16.6675 |
29.4875 |
|
2 |
0.47 |
28.775 |
0.455 |
27.5 |
15.225 |
36.74 |
|
3 |
0.26 |
33.4 |
1.2425 |
30.9 |
14.35 |
34.4725 |
|
4 |
0.4725 |
34.5475 |
0.4275 |
31.875 |
11.25 |
25.195 |
|
5 |
0.326 |
32.546 |
0.333 |
28.36 |
13.6 |
28.16 |
|
6 |
0.155 |
26.958 |
0.187 |
32.075 |
16.85 |
30.64 |
|
7 |
0.25 |
32.5 |
1.345 |
30.8 |
14.39 |
32.89 |
|
8 |
0.52 |
27.75 |
0.420 |
27.9 |
15.778 |
36.35 |
|
9 |
0.348 |
31.5 |
1.20 |
28.35 |
13.8 |
28.358 |
|
10 |
0.456 |
34.9 |
0.555 |
30.54 |
10.65 |
23.568 |