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| Mica Mines are Gift or Curse for The Local People: A Study of Mica Belt of Kodarma District, Jharkhand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17823 Submission Date :
11/07/2023 Acceptance Date :
20/07/2023 Publication Date :
04/08/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract | India is well known for its huge mica deposits in the world. In India Mica is mainly deposited in four states, namely Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. And out of these four states large volume of mica deposits of India came from the districts of Bihar and Jharkhand. In 2015 Mica was transferred from the list of the ‘major’ minerals to that of ‘minor’ minerals and there is often news about illegal deep excavation mining of mica specially in some areas of Kodarma and Giridih in Jharkhand. Overburdens of abandoned mica mines, however, continue to produce mica, many of which are situated in forested areas. This is done by villagers in the proximity at low wages, in the absence of other alternative livelihoods. Because some of these locations are in protected or reserve forest areas, it is illegal to collect more Mica from them. Illegal mining is especially associated with various socio-economic problems such as child labour, poor health and safety conditions, limited education and health facilities, trafficking and security issues. This paper highlights the present and future of mica mineral in the Kodarma region as well as the impact of mining on local people. It also examines the socio-economic profile of the population residing in the mining area. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords | Illegal Mica Mining, Child Labor, Production and Export of Mica, Environmental Issues, Government’s Policies. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction | Kodarma district of Jharkhand state has been famous worldwide
for mica mining especially for Ruby mica. The district had the monopoly in
producing mica for years and the mica was exported to many countries worldwide.
The main reserve of mica is found under the forest of wildlife sanctuary of
Kodarma. Mica can also be found in the Dhab, Dhodhakola, Khalagthambi, Dibour,
Bandarchua, and other locations. Mica is heavily used in the electrical sector
and in paints. The journey started in 1918 when the railway line between Howrah
and Delhi was building during the British period, it crossed these forested
parts where mica was extracted and thereby mica mining was begun. Before 1960,
was the golden period of this region. The amount of mica India exported and the
amount of revenue generated by the town of Jhumri Talaiyya made the town number
one in all over India during that period. During those days about two lakh
workers where engaged in the mica industry. Mica was transported to towns like
Jhumri Telaiya, Dhumchanch, Giridih. It was purchased from the owners and
transported to other regions. Some dealers used to process these raw materials,
and after processing they sold off their products to the exporters. The demand
for Mica never decreased. The demand is the same as it was in the earlier days.
There were hardly any demand for the scrap bits. After the 80s, the mica scrap
was crushed to make powder. The American and the Japanese companies started
making paper out of that mica dust. The mica bits were crushed to powder and
mixed with silicon to make a paper base. Polyester were also used and these
papers were converted to sheets under hydraulic pressure. As a result, the cost
of mica fell and there was an increase in demand. It was widely used in
toasters, irons, and the crushed bits were also used in bulbs. Mica pigments
were made and widely used as paints in ships. In the field of cosmetics too,
there was an increase in demand for mica. Mica powder was also used in the
polythene and plastic industries. And gradually, the scrap mica industry also
gained momentum. But mining activity has witnessed a decline since 1980. The
reason behind that was implementation of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980.
Under that act, the Kodarma mining area was declared as the Kodarma wildlife
sanctuary and the area was included as the best mines of that area, all of
which fell under this sanctuary. All new leases were prohibited. Leases were
granted until 1986 and after that not even a single lease was granted for mica
mining. There are no means of livelihood for the local villagers. There is no
agriculture and no industry. Mining activities were closed down and all the
related dealings were discontinued. But some studies reveal that the mica
excavation is still going on, illegally. Because of that this region faces
severe issues risks related to working conditions, safety, pollution,
exploitation, health issues etc. |
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| Aim of study |
The main objective of the research paper is to examine the
impacts of mica mining activities in the study area to find that whether the
huge reserves of mica is a gift or curse given by the nature for the local
people. This paper will also try to examine the supply chain of mica
originating from Jharkhand. The mica mining at Kodarma is considered as illegal
so what are the actions taken by the Government for the betterment of the
people residing in this area. |
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| Review of Literature | Socio-Economic Profile Total population of Kodarma is 716259 in which 109003 is SC and 6903 is ST population and literacy rate is 54.48%. Numerically, the five most prominent SCs in the district were i) Chamar, mochi (42,230) (ii) Dushadh, Dhari (17,349) (iii) Dhobi (11,559) (iv) Bhuiya (9,402) and Turi (9,107) and the five important STs were namely (i) Santhal (3,383) (ii) Birhor (1,321) (iii) Oron, Dhangar (456), (iv) Munda, Patar and (v) Kharwar (204). Most of the communities that pick mica come from Bihar, and some of them are also tribal. The Turi, Rajwar, and Birhor are mainly those communities. These schedule caste communities originally came from Bihar in search of work. They settled in the area around the mica mines and began working in the mines. Since more than fifty years ago, these communities have lived here; The community has been involved in the mica mines for generations. While the women and children pick and sort the mica scrap, the male population and young people are digging for mica. At the mining sites where these communities work, there are no safety measures. Mica picking involves everyone in the family, even school-age children who stay with their families after school. Sources from the forest department and mining officials say that when the industry was doing well, almost every household from Kodarma to Giridih was involved in mica picking and would even pick mica scraps at home. Mica miners and their families have been collecting mica from the heaps that were dumped during the mining of mica ever since the mines have been abandoned. Mica picking has become the main source of income for the communities though it is illegal as the mines are located inside the reserve forest. Additionally, some families engage in the production of gum and the cutting of wood. Despite the implementation of NREGA, alternative employment opportunities are scarce in the region. As a result, mica picking involves almost every household member. Jharkhand’s unique position as a global source for high-quality natural make up means that local tribal communities and gram Panchayats have a significant role to play. An important step in integrating the local tribes involved in mica picking into the formal supply chain is formalizing and acknowledging the labor rights of the informal (artisanal small scale) sector so that they can directly benefit from the formal Mica supply chain. The local tribal community in Kodarma cannot participate in the mica supply chain in a formal and active manner without this recognition. A formal role for mica related to gram panchayats in the mica rich blocks in Kodarma within the “ups and would transform local communities who are excluded from the benefitting from being part of the global mica supply chain. Impacts of Mica Mining If there isn't enough ventilation, dangerous gases from underground mines can suffocate people. However, the greatest danger of underground mines is the possibility of collapse. Underground, tragic accidents frequently occur in the illegal mines of Jharkhand: 1. The villagers of Chatarmar said that the illegal mining at Gawan and Tisri are closed since few months that’s why the labourers are visiting and mining at the illegal mines operating at Koderma block.[1] The two residents of Tisri block are feared of being buried after trapping in illegal mica mines. 2. Four persons, including a woman, were killed and two others were feared trapped when the wall of illegal mica mine collapsed on Thursday. The mine is located inside the Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary near Fulwariya under Koderma police station limits. [2] 3. “I was picking mica when the debris fell. I went screaming to the village for help,” she said.[3] This is the statement of 15-year-old Ritika Murmu who saw her sister-in-law and a friend die in a mica mine. 4. A Thomson Reuters Foundation found that children were dying in illegal mines but their deaths covered up with families given “blood money” to be silent and keep producing the mineral used in make-up, car paint and electronics.[4] 5. Information about the death of 4 people has come to light due to the collapse in the illegal Maika mine operated in the border forest area of Ghat police station area of Koderma district.[5] Impact on health Workers may inhale silica dust during rock drilling for mica extraction, which can cause silicosis, a potentially fatal lung disease, over time. This so-called "respirable" dust, which cannot be seen with the naked eye, is made up of extremely fine particles that have the ability to penetrate the lungs deeply. In Bihar, 62 mica handdrillers were examined in 1953, and seventeen of them had silicosis. The fifteen others with silicosis had an average exposure of eleven years, while two of the patients had worked for fifteen and twenty years, respectively. Additionally, the development of lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and other respiratory diseases is linked to respirable quartz in silica dust.[6] Mica miners in Andhra Pradesh have also been reported to have silicosis.[7] Although mica powder does not contain silica dust, it may also cause lung problems. A study in 2001-2002 among mica workers (not miners) in Giridih, Jharkhand showed that 33out of the 420 mica workers were found to have respiratory issues, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coughing with difficulty breathing, and other conditions. Picking, screening, cutting, grinding mica powder, splitting, and packing were among the duties assigned to the workers. The study came to the conclusion that workers' exposure to mica powder may have caused respiratory tract irritation that could lead to pneumoconiosis.[8] Impact on children Despite Indian law prohibiting children under the age of 18 from working in mines, child labor persists and is in violation of United Nations Child Conventions. However, children are the only source of income for extreme poverty families. Mica mining and processing is one of the worst forms of child labour. It was already considered as such by the US Department of Labor in October 2015.[9] The worst forms of child labor are a number of violations of children's rights.For mica mining/processing the main issue is its hazardous nature, which is captured under category article 3 (d) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) convention 182: "(d) work that, by its nature or the circumstances under which it is performed, is likely to harm children's morals, safety, or health."[10] . Over 20 mica-related child deaths were documented in India by Save the Childhood Movement in June 2016. Despite the fact that it is against the law to mine mica, there are no official statistics on the number of children deaths there, but villagers estimate ten deaths per month on average. Adult fatalities have statistics that are even higher. Sadly, mine operators and the families of victims do not report deaths. Instead of risking putting an end to illegal mining, which provides income to some of India's poorest citizens, they choose to accept compensation for the death of a child. This industry is marred by violence, intimidation, and abuse. According to activists, it is a double offense because it is both illegal and involves child labor. (Bliss, 2017) Impact on women In India, women who work in the mica industry are poor. They lack legal status, training, and they have no control over the mineral resources on their land. Mica production places women at the bottom of the hierarchy. A common method of employment is bondage, a modern form of slavery. “The mica industry draws in a large number of women. Of the many stages in processing mica such as splitting, picking, packing, silvering, cutting, capacitor testing, etc., splitting of mica is an exclusively women’s job.” (Chattopadhyay, 2011) According to Elson and Pearson (1981), it is argued that women perform the splitting task more proficiently due to "their nimble fingers." Some other impacts of mica mines i. The loss of lands leading to displacement and dislocation, and the loss of access to education, healthcare, adequate housing and other facilities. ii. Increased morbidity and illness: mining children may be affected by pollution including water soil and air contamination, as well as other environmental degradation and dangers. Children in many areas are more vulnerable to hunger and food insecurity, resulting in malnutrition. iii. Mining children often lack access to school or are forced to drop out of school due to mining related to circumstances. iv. Increased migration due to mining, the mining sector of often depends on migrant populations, leading to unstable work opportunities for parents, which impacts the security of life for migrant children. An increase in child labour. v. Poor labour conditions the for mine workers, including wages below living wage, hazardous working conditions and lack of social security and/or health insurance. All of these conditions ultimately impacted the security of life for the miner’s children. vi. Environmental Issues : The mining also leads to further deforestation as larger stretches in the areas are illegally cleared. Illegal mining serves the dual purpose by extracting mica and providing timber. Tree is cleared routinely to bring new land under mica mining. Koderma boasts of a forest area of 820 km² and officials claim that action is being taken to curb illegal activities. According to local residents, mining has destroyed wildlife. They say that earlier elephants and a wild boar the often trespassed into our villages. Some species of rare birds were also spotted but nowadays they are hardly seen. |
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| Methodology |
This paper is largely based on qualitative data analysis in which secondary data are used. It also includes qualitative method in which focus group discussions were involved. A systematic observation of the mining area and the community was done and visual information of relevance to this study were carried out. Some geotagged pictures of the mining sites are also added in this paper. Because of the rainy season some of the mines were filled with water and mining was not operating on the visiting day. The data of mica production and exports were collected from Indian Bureau of Mines 2015, U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Yearbook 2005, 2010 &2015. District Survey Report for Planning and execution of Minor Mineral Excavations is also included. The data of socio-economic profile of the people of kodarma district is collected from Census of India 2011. For understanding the impacts of mica mines on the locally residing population, several local-regional newspapers along with national newspapers articles was taken from their archives. Some of the policies are also overviewed in this article. For mapping software like QGIS & ArcGIS has been used. Geological map of Kodarma district is made with the help of geological map of Jharkhand in QGIS and mineral map with mineral map of Jharkhand. |
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| Analysis | Supply chain of Mica originating from Jharkhand Two types of actors make up the flow of mica: actors in the supply chain and non-supply chain actors. The mica industry directly involves the actors in the supply chain, namely processors, traders, exporters, community representatives, local pickers, and collectors The mica industry's non-supply chain actors, for example, are indirect stakeholders. Industry associations, policymakers, research organizations, and district, state, and national government agencies and institutions are examples. In order to comprehend the supply chain of mica from Jharkhand and the current state of the flow of this mineral, a number of discussions with relevant stakeholders in the state and elsewhere were conducted, as was secondary research. Similar has been made sense of in a nutshell underneath: i. Gathering and Purchasing Mica from Dhibras: Mica is primarily obtained by "pickers," who are members of the community and collect mica from nearby villages and other areas' debris. Mica is collected by "munshi," typically members of the village or Panchayat, after being picked and basic sieved. ii. Mica processing: These village or panchayat collectors sell the mica to dealers13 or agents of businesses that process it into various mica products iii. Processors and Traders: The domestic and international markets are served by these processors, which trade and sell various products made from mica. The pigment manufacturing industries use most of the mica in the United States. The ports in India are used to export the remaining mica; mostly to countries like China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Russia from the ports of Kolkata. Most of the pigment industry and other industry users used exported mica. India imports this pigment, which is mostly made in China, and supplies it to various industry users both domestically and internationally. Non supply chain actors Sustainable supply chain systems were started and are mostly managed by the market and civil society without the government directly involved. In the international supply chains, a growing number of multi-actor governance systems with the goal of sustainable production have emerged over the past ten years. While governments appear to be on the sidelines, market and civil society actors initiate and govern these systems.
Fig:- Supply chain of Mica originating from Jharkhand Production and Exports of Mica In early 80s, the government of India had notified to Ban mining in forest area. Of all the industry affected, Mica excavations was hit the most. All mica mines in the mineral-rich State's Giridih and Kodarma districts were immediately shut down as a result of this blanket ban. India Mines Bureau (IMB) which brings out an annual book on Indian Minerals, in its latest edition has officially maintained that Jharkhand has ceased producing Mica since 2013. Only 31 mines are currently operating in India, according to the Indian Mineral Year Book 2015, which was released in December 2016. Additionally, India produced only 21,412 tonnes from 2013 to 2014. But when it came to export, the figure is as high as- 1,27,882 tonnes. In the year 2014- 15, the industry as per official figure, had witnessed as 40 % decline in production. Legally only 12,488 tonnes Mica were produced. But despite all, India exported 1,40,960 tonnes. According to the UNFC, the country has 5,32,237 tonnes of mica resources as of April 1, 2010, with 1,90,741 tonnes falling under the reserve category and 3,41,496 tonnes falling under the remaining sources category. In Jharkhand, the CAG report on Mining Receipts 2018 mentioned that 26,586.67 MT of mica had been exported without adequate documentation (this alone being in excess of the national annual domestic production amount for the year). This dichotomy between production and exports indicates under-reported mica production and/or illegal collection of mining from mica-rich regions. As per the newspaper “Prabhat Khabar” published from koderma district on 02/07/2018 “12 mica loaded trucks were seized by the forest department.” Production of mica in India
Source: U.S.G.S. Mineral Yearbook 2005, 2010,2015,20018 Export of mica from India
Source- Indian Mineral Yearbook 2015,20018,2021 According to Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015 there is much variation in the quantities of production and export of mica. After 2015, mica is transferred from major minerals to minor minerals and the producing states are only Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh whereas Jharkhand holds 3rd rank in terms of reserves (Indian Minerals Yearbook,2018). Production of Mica
Source : - Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015 Source: - Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015 Present scenario of Mica Mines However, the mica mines were abandoned after the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 prohibited mica mining in Jharkhand. However, the ban had no positive effect on the lives of the villagers. Villagers continued to visit these abandoned mines to collect mica flakes, but no action was taken to restore the mines. Communities that have lived in these settlements for a long time have been scouting several abandoned mines for mica scraps. Government’s Policies Responsible Mica Initiative (RMI) uses a multi-stakeholder and holistic approach that engages companies, civil society organisations, industry association and governments to develop and implement three integrated program pillars that will establish responsible workplace is standards, empower local communities and support establishment of a legal framework for the mica sector. RMI has been working in Jharkhand since 2017. In addition to eliminating child labor in mica mining in Jharkhand by 2022, RMI is currently attempting to protect the environment. The 55 members of RMI came primarily from the paint and cosmetics industries and represented the entire supply chain, from mica processors in India to manufacturers and brands of final products. It raised 815,615 euros in membership fees in 2018, most of which would be used to improve the lives of mica workers in Jharkhand. Tribal and Community Development related regulations- The Jharkhand District Mineral Foundation (Trust) Rules, 2016 has been established to improve the social economic conditions of people directly and indirectly affected by mining, for each district. As per these rules, mining lease holders have to contribute to the Trust Fund, which is utilised in various public projects around education, sanitation, healthcare etc. State Government Regulations The key Jharkhand regulations governing mica as a minor mineral include- Jharkhand Minor Mineral Concession Rules, Jharkhand District Mineral Foundation (Trust) Rules, 2016; Jharkhand Minor Mineral (evidence of minerals) Content Rules, 2018 and Jharkhand Minerals Prevention of Illegal Mining, Transportation, Storage Rules 2017. The Jharkhand Minerals Dealer’s Rule, 2007 & Jharkhand Minor Mineral Concession (Amendment) Rules, 2017. Objectives of Jharkhand ‘sustainable mica’ policy framework The state government of Jharkhand has been keen to revive mica mining. The industry has been collaborating with the Civil society organisations and local communities to develop a sustainable Mica framework for creating a public-private sustainable mica workgroup to address ecosystem issues. Recommended Sustainable Mica Policy Interventions (According to Jharkhand Sustainable Mica framework and vision) Nine policy interventions have been recommended for creating a practical Sustainable Mica policy framework and vision. The recommendations should be prioritized by policymakers, the government, and the industry to address Jharkhand's capacity issues in planning, development, and implementation: i. Constitute a ‘Jharkhand Sustainable Mica Task force’. ii. Define ‘Sustainable Mica’ supply chain iii. Establish a ‘mica research centre’ to assist economic and social policy making iv. Create a New Jharkhand ‘Sustainable Mica’ mining lease agreement v. Create mica self help groups (SHGs) to Formalise the upstream vi. Address ‘soft infrastructure’ Gaps in labour rights, focus on informal mica pickers vii. Create traceability and improve enforcement capacity across the mica value chain viii. Attract mica investments to Jharkhand ix. Create a Jharkhand Mica Development Fund The Kodarma district covers 1500 square.Km of
an area. It is Jharkhand's entry way district. Kodarma is known as Mica Capital
of India. The district was carved out from Hazaribagh in April 1994.The district of
Kodarma is located in the northern part of the state of Jharkhand. It is
bounded by the longitudes 85°26'01 and 85°54'16 E and the latitudes 24°15'46
and 24°40'18 N. The area is included in degree sheet 72H and survey of India
toposheets no. 72H/6,7,10,11,13,14,15,16. It is enclosed by the Gaya district of Bihar
to the west, the Nawada district of Bihar to the north, the Hazaribag district
of Jharkhand to the south, the Giridih district of Jharkhand to the east, and
the Nawada district of Bihar to the north. In the north of the North Chotanagpur
Division of the state of Jharkhand is the district of Kodarma. The principal town and administrative
center of the district is Kodarma Town. One Sub-division, Kodarma itself, and five
(five) revenue circles makeup the Kodarma district. The district is broken up into
six developmental blocks for the purpose of developmental administration: Satgawan,
Kodarma, Jainagar, Chandwara, Markachho, and Domchanch Six hundred ninety-nine
villages and 109 panchayats makeup the community.
Source:Survey of India & Census of India
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| Conclusion |
In Kodarma, around 80% of the mines are illegal, and the mica
produced there is not documented, indicating a flourishing shadow economy.
Their misery is exacerbated by the workers' poverty, socioeconomic conditions,
and inadequate public infrastructure. These people are drawn into the dark
caves for mica mining and cutting, which is extremely risky, especially when it
goes against any regulation. They don't have any other means of making a
living. To safeguard the labor and workforce's rights and interests, as well as
those of tribal communities, a variety of regulations have been enacted by the
Central and state governments. Nonetheless, these are met with hopeless
execution. Unfortunately, these regulations are flagrantly ignored and the
children are not even paid a fair share because of the mica mining Act and child
labor as a whole are illegal. Laws aimed at preventing and rehabilitating those
who have previously engaged in child labor are also met with slow
implementation by government officials. There is need to provide a window of
opportunity to the resident either through mica mining, agriculture, some
Industrial setup or other possible economic activity in the region. |
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| Endnote | 1. Prabhat Khabar, May 28, 2023; https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/kodarma/trapped-in-illegal-mica-mine-fear-of-2-being-buried-mourning-spread-grj 2. The times of India, January 23, 2021; https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/4-die-in-wall-collapse-at-illegal-mica-mine-in-koderma/articleshow/80412506.cms 3. The wire, Global Spotlight on Illegal Mica Mines Drives Jharkhand Villagers to Hide Deaths;https://thewire.in/labour/global-spotlight-on-illegal-mica-mines-drives-jharkhand-villagers-to-hide-deaths 4. Srivastava, Roli, Thomson Reuters Foundation, INSIGHT-Global spotlight on illegal mica mines drives Indian villagers to hide deaths; https://www.reuters.com/article/india-mica-child-labour-idINL8N27L3X4 5. Prabhat Khabar, Nov 12 2020; https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/kodarma/four-died-in-mica-mine-accident-two-feared-buried-in-debris-in-koderma-district-of-jharkhand-mtj 6. Government of India, Ministry of Labour, M. N. Gupta, abstract, “Silicosis Amongst Hand Drillers in Mica Mining in Bihar”, 1956, http://bit. ly/1NLlPcs; United States Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), “Mineral Dust Hazard and Sampling”, no date, http://1.usa.gov/1OMDaDD; International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Sharmila Chandra of the Indian Council of Social Science Research, “The vulnerable mining community”, 2015, http://bit.ly/1IJotfM European Industrial Minerals Association (IMAEurope), “Crystalline silica and health from a European industry perspective”, http://bit.ly/1RvbOXb. 7. Indian NGO Samata, “An overview of the impacts of the mica mining industry in Sydapuram Mandal (Andhra Pradesh)”, undated, http://bit.ly/1DsxVsa. 8. Journal of Human Ecology, Molly Chattopadhyay and Siddhartha Sanyal, “Incidence of occupational disease among mica workers of Jharkhand”, 2007, page 60, http://bit.ly/1PK8KGl; International Labour Office, “Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, fourth edition”, 1998, http://bit.ly/1NLuCed. 9. US Department of Labor, “India, 2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor”, October 2015, http://1.usa.gov/1LVg61X. 10. US Department of Labor, “India, 2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor”, October 2015, http://1.usa.gov/1LVg61X. |
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