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| Bioremediation : A Strategy for A Green and Sustainable Environment | |||||||
| Paper Id :
17807 Submission Date :
13/07/2023 Acceptance Date :
22/07/2023 Publication Date :
25/07/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract | Globalization and Industrial revolution are the main features of 21st century, trying to maintain a balance between growing demands of population that is increasing day by day at alarming rate. But also creating an imbalance in the natural environment by producing pollutants ( air pollutants ) from millions of vehicles , factories spewed chemicals into atmosphere, polluted rivers and lakes, and the disappearance of forests and farmlands, nuclear fallout from atomic test are results of world wide industrialization. Environmental chemicals and pollutants have become an integral part of the surroundings . Bio-remediation is a technique for removing or converting harmful contaminants like heavy metals into less harmful substances, or removing toxic elements from the contaminated environment or degrading organic substances and ultimate mineralization of organic substances into carbon dioxide , water, nitrogen gas, etc. with the help of microorganisms. The aim of Bio-remediation is to stimulate microbes with nutrients and other chemicals that will enable them to destroy the contaminants. | ||||||
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| Keywords | Pollution, Bio-remediation, Contaminants. | ||||||
| Introduction |
Environmental chemicals and pollutants have become an integral part of the surroundings. It is becoming necessary to include the micro-biome in considering the safety and toxicity of these compounds , as microbial enzymes can alter their half life and dynamics. Principle of bio- remediation relies on stimulating the growth of certain microbes that utilize contaminants like oil,solvents, and pesticides for sources of food and energy. These microbes convert contaminants into small amount of water as well as harmless gases like carbon dioxide.
Bio-remediation is a technique for removing/converting harmful pollutants like heavy metals into less harmful substances, and/or removing toxic elements from the contaminated environment , or degrading organic substances. |
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| Aim of study | The objective of bio-remediation is to stimulate microbes like bacteria , fungi, etc. with nutrients and other chemicals that will enable them to destroy the pollutants. | ||||||
| Review of Literature | Literatutre
reviewed by Das,S, (2014) Microbial Bio remediation: A potential tool for
restoration of contaminated areas, Joseph P,(2017): studied transcryptomics in
toxicology, O B Ojuederie (2017) Microbial and plant assisted Bio-remediation
of heavy metal, A,Akash (2018) Bio-remediation of Environmental pollutants,
Bala S. (2020) Recent strategies for Bioremediation of emerging pollutants,
RamakaSrinivas, (2020) Xenobiotics in health and disease: The two sides of a
coin: A clinicians perspective, MI Abo Alkasem (2023) Microbial bioremediation
as a tool for the removal of heavy metals. Literatutre reviewed by Das,S,
(2014) Microbial Bio remediation: A potential tool for restoration of
contaminated areas, Joseph P,(2017): studied transcryptomics in toxicology, O B
Ojuederie (2017) Microbial and plant assisted Bio-remediation of heavy metal,
A,Akash (2018) Bio-remediation of Environmental pollutants, Bala S. (2020)
Recent strategies for Bioremediation of emerging pollutants, RamakaSrinivas,
(2020) Xenobiotics in health and disease: The two sides of a coin: A clinicians
perspective, MI Abo Alkasem (2023) Microbial bioremediation as a tool for the
removal of heavy metals. |
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| Main Text | Bio-
remediation
is the use of living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or to
prevent pollution. In other words it is a technology for removing pollutants
from the environment thus restoring the original natural surroundings and
preventing further pollution. It is an option that offers the possibility to
destroy various contaminants using natural biological activity and to degrade
the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms .It is also applicable for
the heavy metal hazards, it has proven to be cheap and efficient than other
techniques. This paper focuses on the possible trends in the remediation of
environmental pollutants with the help of plants as well as microbes.
Bioremediation
is a method utilizing life forms to kill or expel contamination from waste. It
is vital to comprehend that this type of waste remediation utilize no poisonous
chemicals, in spite of the fact that it might utilize a living organism that
can be detrimental in specific situations.
Bio remediation
based on strategies applied: can be
carried out in-situ and ex-situ In -situ bio
remediation : This is a
strategy where , without excavation we can treat the associated ground water
together, with soil in place. The in-situ remediation process extent from a
partially closed system to a completely open system, example of these technique
involves percolation, bio venting, air sparging, pump and treat and
bio-slurping. Percolation : comprises of put on water, having
nutrients and perhaps a microbial inoculum, to the exterior of a polluted part.
It permits to filter into the soil and blend with the ground water. Bioventing :
is a technique of aeration of an unsaturated area by installing a well
for drawing a vacuum on the soil with the associated blowers and pumps.
Air sparging: Air sparging is just the opposite of bioventing, otherwise called bio sparging. It is the aeration of a flow rate of <5m3/h per point. Also, the pump and treat are an in-situ technique where we can remove and treat contaminated ground water. Bioslurping: is another strategy for pumping
groundwater and soil (having pollutants like petroleum, hydrocarbons) by
combining bioventing of surface soil with vacuum enhanced products. Ex-situ
Bio-remediation The ex-situ
bio-remediation is just opposite to the in-situ technique. Here the
contaminated soil and groundwater are taken out from their original location
for treatment. Some example of ex-situ bio- remediation are Land farming,
compost pile irrigation, and engineered bio- piles. Land farming : In the land farming process, we use
the blend of volatilization and biodegradation with indigenous microbes to
treat the soil contaminants by degrading or transforming them. Compost piles: In this process for enhancing water
and air holding capacity and physical handling properties, we supplement the
soil with composting elements like manure,wood chips, straw, etc. In other ways ,
an ex-situ remediation technique where the contaminated soil , are situated
into piles or cells above the ground and the microbial activities are
stimulated with aeration or addition of nutrients. Hence we can employ both the
in-situ and ex-situ to unsaturated or saturated regions, but there are some
limitations for each technique. Based on the
type of organisms used
Phytoremediation : utilizes several plants to stabilize , remediate, reduce, or rest ore, cotaminants in sediments ,soil, water, etc.
Bacterioremediation : where bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic) are used for bioremediation and can treat various kinds of pollutants through in-situ technique. Myco-remediation : If we use various types of fungi for decontaminating a zone then the form of bio-remediation called myco-remediation.
Based on types
of degradation Biostimulation:
The stimulation
of existing microorganisms occurs by modifying the environmental conditions.
Thus by adding some electron acceptors such as Phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, or
nitrogen and some nutrients (which limit the rate of microorganisms ) we can
create a natural stimulation. For methane,phenol or toluene like substances,
the process utilizes microbes such as soil microorganisms, groundwater microorganisms,
aquifer microbes, ground water methano-trophic
bacterium, it is one of the major example of bio-remediation. Biotransformation:
In this process various organic compounds are partially degraded , and
the remaining portion is transformed into various organic matters. Bioaugmentation: is another excellent process of bio
remediation. It involves using autochthonous (indegenous/ wild) or
allochthonous (genetically modified ), microorganisms to treat harmful
contaminants in the site. The oil contaminated environment is best suitable for
it. Biomineralization: refers to a process by which living
organisms internally or externally form inorganic minerals. Metal and mineral
transformation are a geomicrobiological process. It is a mechanism by which
microorganisms alter the speciation and mobility of metals, including their
properties of mineral formation. Such processes also determine the fate of
contaminant toxic metals and radionuclides when introduced in the environment
as a result of natural or anthropogenic activities. Bio mineralization is a
term for the processes by which living organisms form minerals, and this can
result in metal removal from solution providing a means of detoxification as
well as bio recovery. Natural
attenuation: relies on
natural processes to clean up or attenuate pollution in soil and groundwater.
Natural attenuation occurs at most polluted sites. Bio remediation
is an entirely natural process that has advantages as well as disadvantages : Advantages : Bio remediation is beneficial to
degrade the pollutants from a wide variety of contaminants and convert them
into non-hazardous forms from the hazardous forms. By this method we can treat
the contaminants in their original location and thus the necessity to transfer
from one to another medium is finished. Bio remediation is affordable, eco-friendly because out put is not harmful to the environment. Disadvantages: Limited to biodegradable compounds, Proper microbial population and proliferation required, because biological mechanisms are highly precise and bio- remediation takes lots of time to accomplish the process. |
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| Conclusion | It is a thriving technique for the eradication of biological contaminants like herbicides, pesticides, petroleum products, solvents with halogenation, crude oil, etc. | ||||||
| References | 1. Akash, A. : 2018 Bioremediation of Environmental pollutants, IGI Global.
2. Bala, S .2022- Recent strategies for bioremediation of emerging pollutants, National Institute of Health (gov.) Toxics 10(8): 484(PMC)
3. Geoffrey Michael Gadd&Xiangliang Pan , 2016, Biomineralization, Bioremediation and Biorecovery of toxic Metal;s and nuclides. Geomicrobiology Journal vol.33,Issue 3-4 pp 175-178.
4. Joseph, P. (2017) : Transcriptomics in toxicology: Food and Chemical Toxicology 109 (1):650-662
5. MI Abo- Alkasem -2023 Microbial bioremediation as a tool for the removal of heavy metals Springer Open.
6. M, Goswami et al. 2018: Bioaugmentation and biostimulation a potential strategy for environmental remediation. J. Microbiol.Exp. 6(5):223-231.
7.O B Ojuederie : 2017 : Microbial and plant Assisted bioremediation of heavy metal National Institute of Health (gov.) Int. J. Environment Res Public Health 14 (12): PMC
8. Ramakasrinivas, 2020 Xenobiotics in Health and disease,:The two sides of a coin : J.of Toxicology. 4(4)
9.R M Hilhor 2023 Microbial Bioremediation of Environmental pollution MDPI.
10. Sardrood, Pakdaman, Bahak (2013); An Introduction to Bioremediation , Research gate, net.10. 1007/978-3-642-33811-3-1
11. S, Das . 2014 Microbial Bioremediation : A potential tool for Restoration of contaminated areas , Science Direct
12. https://byjus.com/biology/bioremediation |
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