|
|||||||
| Use of Mustard Husk in Cylindrical Briquettes (Bio- Coal) Production and Renewable Source of Fuel | |||||||
| Paper Id :
17931 Submission Date :
09/07/2023 Acceptance Date :
20/07/2023 Publication Date :
24/07/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For verification of this paper, please visit on
http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/remarking.php#8
|
|||||||
| |||||||
| Abstract | Briquetting technology is one of the renewable sources of energy that was devised to address problems regarding global warming. In India biomass is the most dominant source of energy and is used significantly in the domestic sector and industrial sector to replace charcoal, wood and fossil fuel. Despite huge amount of agricultural waste generation in the rural areas, the rural folks use charcoal and wood fuel, which leads to deforestation. Therefore to reduce the use of conventional fuels, use of biomass as a fuel can be placed as a substitute. Biomass can be used in the form of cylindrical briquettes to replace the conventional fuels to some extent. The mustard husk was taken to produce briquette by using Briquetting machine and compared its proximate and ultimate analysis of briquettes. The world’s energy demand is currently rising as a result of the expanding population. Because of the rising worry about climate change brought on by the greenhouse gas emissions created by fossil and coal fuel, bio-briquette, especially those made from mustard husk which is agricultural waste, are a sustainable energy source that have a great chance of becoming alternative energy sources. Hence, this paper provides processing, densification, storage and economics of Briquetting | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keywords | Mustard Husk, Biomass, cylindrical Briquettes, Cooking Fuel, Fossil fuel, Climate Change. | ||||||
| Introduction |
Biomass energy has been dividing attention as an energy source and it reduces carbon dioxide accumulation in atmosphere. Among other biomass, agriculture residues have been most familiar and preferable kind of choice. They are available for almost free of cost and are in abundance existing in our country. It is estimated that around 600-750 million tones of agricultural residues were produced in a year. But the difficulty of handling agricultural waste is that it burns so rapidly and it is difficult to maintain a steady fire in a combustion Process. The densification of agricultural waste into solid fuel pellets or briquettes is one strategy that is being pursued in several regions of the world for improved and efficient exploitation of agricultural residues. By squeezing the large mass of mustard husk together and then the size is reduced. They are appealing for use at home and in industry due to the simplicity of storing and transporting such improved solid fuel briquettes (often in log shape) of no specific weight and 90mm diameter. Briquette combustion has the potential to be more even than that of the loose and bulky form. This would allow briquetted materials to be used directly as fuel in a way that is somewhat comparable to how wood and coal are burned in residential modified stoves and ovens. These problems in handling and transport of biomass can be rectified by briquetting technology. This process involves reducing the size by pressing immense mass together and makes it ease of storing and transporting such fuel briquettes. This increases the fuel values of the residue, hence makes it more efficient than unprocessed ones unlike immense forms, briquettes combustion is more uniform and can be used in perfect fuel burning, briquetting makes residues, low density, high volume and burns as good as coal, leaves less ash content, emit less smoke and have low ignition points.
Briquettes Biomass- Briquettes are the compressed blocks of Agro waste residues. The waste is include Mustard husk, India as an agricultural based developing country, huge amount of agricultural solid waste is generated annually, with respect country with available land area .Burning the agricultural biomass waste causes a lot of pollution. Hence conversion to briquettes reduces to the pollution and increases the burning time and thus, a reliable and sustainable substitute for traditional energy resources. Various agricultural biomasses have proven to be effective in briquettes production Zhang, et al (2001), Mayoral and Izquiredo (2001)and Blesa, et al (2003). Briquette technology, as an important waste management system for the agricultural waste, it limiting the rate of deforestation, bio-residue management issues and limit emissions of toxic greenhouse gases from incomplete toxic combustion of natural plant resources not to mention energy production development Kumar, et al (2016). Briquettes possesses an important characteristic owe to its calorific value of an energy source (fuel) otherwise known as heat of combustion or heating value or heat value is the energy released per unit mass of fuel by undergoing complete combustion in the presence of excess oxygen. The calorific value for mustard husk biomass used for briquettes production 14,200- 15,400KJ/Kg . Therefore, mustard husk briquettes possesses a calorific value that’s make it’s a suitable energy generating fuel. Kumar et al. (2016) evaluates and studed the efficiency of biomass briquettes and the calorific values are better values and the highest calorific value is 20945kj/kg and the maximum efficiency obtained is 80.79%. So that the efficiency of briquettes as a renewable sustainable energy source. |
||||||
| Aim of study | Use of mustered husk agro –waste in the form of cylindrical briquettes to replace conventional fuels in industries. | ||||||
| Review of Literature | In the previous
scientists carried out researches as an alternative source of energy from
biomass waste . The effect of different treatment conditions on biomass binder
preparation for lignite briquette Zhang, et al (2001). DSC Study of Curing in
Smokeless Briquetting Mayoral and Izquiredo (2001). Low- temperature
co-pyrolysis of a low-rank coal and biomass to prepare smokeless fuel
briquettes studied by Blesa,et al (2003).The biomass (straw) briquettes
combustion equipment were studied by Liu (2003) . BioCoal Briquette and Quality
of Maize Cob studied by Patomsok (2008). Research status and development of the
biomass briquette fuel, Energy Conservation Technology by SU, et al (2009).
Biomass briquetting and its perspectives in Brazil studied by Felfli, et
al.(2011). Pellet production from
agricultural raw materials–A systems study by Nilsson, et al. (2011). Characteristics of pyrolysis products of bori
lignite briquette carried out by Chu (2012).
Determination of the bioenergy potential of melon shell and corn cob
briquette studied by Oyelaran and Tudunwada (2015). Development of Biomass
Briquetting Technology for Northern Regions of Karnataka Using Tamarind Seed
Powder as Binder by Pavan and Bhagyashekhar(2016).Evaluation of Boiler Efficiency
of Bio Briquettes by Indirect Method by Kumar, et al (2016). The Iow C/N ratio
increase ammonia and reduces microorganisms while high C/N ratio can increase
VFA production Siddique and Wahid. (2018). Biomass Briquettes as an Alternative
Source of Cooking Fuel towards Green Recovery Post COVID-19 studied by
Ibrahim,et al. (2020). Mustard husk is used as for fuel and silica Production
Faris( 2021). |
||||||
| Main Text | Mustard crop is principle crop of rabi season in eastern-nothern area of the Rajasthan.mustard husk residues remain waste after thrashing in the fields, farmers left it in the fields or burn. The husk purchased from farmers, transported up to industries where briquettes are prepared. Sharma and Jatav (2015) stated that mustard husk and wheat Paddy are common biomass found in north India, which can be used as alternative to the coal or can be blended with coal as the combustion fuel in various industrial purposes. Maninder et al. (2012) carried out Biomass Briquetting from agro waste. Biobrequetting Process-Third unit of Briquettes production in MIA, Alwar Rajasthan started 15.07.2023.The machine (Fig.1) and production process (Fig.1,2,3) The machine applies Oil pressure 200kg/cm2 on the husk(Fig.2) and push by the rame proceed to dye and become harden in the form of round shaped Briquettes(Fig.3,5).Temperature 30 to 35oC maintained at the time of production. pH 6.8-7.2were obeserved. It is being used in boilers. Mustard husk(Fig.4)waste biomass→ collected, storing, cleaning→conveyer→machine→push by Rame→dye and harden—→90mm round shaped Briquettes(Fig.6)—→bagging—→transport(Fig.7)
|
||||||
| Result and Discussion |
Mustard husk briquettes production is a renewable source of fuel and energy, use as fuel in industries is the best source of energy instead of conventional energy source. It is useful for social, economic and environmental benefits.
|
||||||
| Conclusion | Biomass briquettes can be considered as the best alternative source of energy as compared to wood fuel. Clean energy in households is a tool to improve human health, lower climate change impacts and save hundreds of millions of people, especially for women and children from toiling during daily fuel collection. To achieve a progressive response in sustainable development Goals, Clean and efficient household energy will improve health, sustainable urban environments, and climate action and green recovery post COVID-19. The adoption of the energy from biomass briquettes would help Improve access, adoption and use of mustard husk briquettes leads to the life changing products to end users influencing their lives socially, economically and financially, improve sales and stability which will translate to more employment, generally improve the standard of living and productivity of the end users and also safeguard the environment for future generation. It is therefore recommended that; Legislate policies prosecuting individuals and companies indiscriminately clogging trees for wood fuel and charcoal production binding ministry of forestry, Agriculture and environment with such task, Fund research in order to provide various sustainable raw materials for briquettes production with high calorific value and Provide forest guards with adequate resources and welfare to safeguard our green cover, wildlife and other natural resources( Ibrahim, et al.2020). Kumar and Nandi (2022) studied the combustion of coal, petroleum coke (PC) and biomass blends to assess the effects of the mustard husk (MH, wheat straw (WS) and flaxseed residue (FR) blending toward improvement of coal combustion characteristics. Lantasi, et al. (2020). Rice husk is a potential material to be used as a biogas substance and it is quite abundant in Indonesia. Rice husk has huge amount of cellulose, hemicelluloses which produces huge amount of biogas ,it also requires pretreatment. Gajera, et al. (2022), studied torrefaction enhances the properties of biomass fuels-which adds to their suitability as energy sources, abundance availability in northern India. Shukla, et al (2019) Biomass can be easily densified in the form of pellets and briquettes. The availibility of biomass from major agricultural crops for its energy potential( Crops - rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, sugarcane, wheat, barley, gram, rapeseeds and mustard).The biomass generated from agricultural crops of both kharif and rabi season has a huge energy potential, which can be used for harnessing clean green energy for household uses through Pelletization. It has been found that conversion of biomass into pellets and burning it in improved pellet stoves gives a clean, and smoke free flame. Use of biomass pellets will also help in mitigating the health problems associated with Smoke pollution, maintaining sustainable health of the environment and the economy. Pokale, et al. (2012). Bio- Coal Briquetting is the process of converting agro waste into high density and energy concentrated fuel it is a briquettes also called as white-coal. It is agood renewable fuel substitute. Useful in the regions where ample agro-waste is generated and enough fresh grass, feeders etc. for animals are available. This also helps farmers to get additional income from their agro-waste. Economic Benefits- Briquette value chain is a potential employer of people from production to final consumption. It is an emerging large employer of labour in its various phases of production which includes: collection agricultural mustard husk, cleaning, packging, transportation. High calorific value coupled with readily available agricultural waste makes it more efficient and reduces the production cost. It also reduces deforestation as a result of inefficient use of firewood is high with a long term adverse effect to the environment. Hence briquette stands to replace firewood in households to reduce deforestation and mitigate environmental degradation as a result of over exploitation. Social Benefits- The use of mustard husk biomass briquettes as alternative cooking and industrial fuel sources would significantly improve the health and wellbeing of women and children especially in marginalized communities and hence providing such communities with abundant natural resources and green cover thereby protecting over dependence and protection of life on land and reduction of greenhouse gases from logging and other actions exploiting natural resources. Briquettes have wide range of benefits that includes all the private benefits ranging from health hazards incurred from the procurement of other source wise harmful fuel source such as trees in forests down to the external benefits of production and consumption as it has become a means of livelihood for a wide range of local fuel-based business. This creates a spiral of diagonal and lateral development as it is another source of income for farmers when they might be out of season hence being able to feed their families, and for community, there is increased level to which they become more aware of incident environmental and societal hazards of the use of other sources such as fuel. It is wholly correct to say that briquettes, without doubt have significant social benefits of bridging the gap between low income regions and mid-level small and medium scale enterprises. Environmental Benefits- Briquettes are a renewable source of energy. The raw materials are abundant. Nature itself produces millions of tones of biodegradable waste which can be converted to briquettes. This can be agricultural waste. Owing to rising demand for energy is a major challenge facing the teeming population today, wood and charcoal are the principal cooking and heating fuels source for human beings. These are gotten by felling trees which has negative impacts to the environment and climate leading to deforestation, desert encroachment and soil erosion. Tree felling also leads to food insecurity. The increasing demand for clean energy, the focus on impacts of climate change and the urgent need for green house gas emissions reduction is a major challenge to emerging sources of energy. Sustainability of biofuels in respect to the environment is defined primarily in terms of CO2, Methane and N2O emissions mitigation and other emissions e.g. in agriculture. Moreover, if forests are converted into agricultural land for biomass generation, the GHG mitigation potential will differ from biomass generation from already available agricultural land. Consequently, rice husk constitutes one of the major environmental nuisances as it forms the major municipal solid waste heaps in the areas where it is disposed which are mostly burnt in open fields which causes widespread environmental concerns owe to its pollution. Thus, owing to the health and environmental concerns, new regulations are imposed globally to restrict field burning activities. Subsequently, methods to dispose and to use agricultural residues such as rice straw and rice husk, corn stalk, leaves etc. Moreover, using biomass briquette will contribute immensely to sustainable forest management; neutralize CO2 emissions balance by reducing to sulfur emissions cause acid rain. | ||||||
| References | 1. Blesa, M. J., Miranda, J. L., Moliner, R., Izquierdo, M. T., & Palacios, J. M. (2003). Low-temperature co-pyrolysis of a low-rank coal and biomass to prepare smokeless fuel briquettes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 70(2), 665-677.
2. Chu, M., Zhu, S., Yi, Y., & Deng, Y. (2012). Characteristics of pyrolysis products of bori lignite briquette. Energy Procedia, 16, 307-313.
3. Faris, M. (2021). Production of Silica from Mustard Husk Ash Modern Approaches on material science. Vol. 4(3). 55- 529. Lupine Publishers. ISSN: 2641-6921
4. Felfli, F. F., Rocha, J. D., Filippetto, D., Luengo, C. A., & Pippo, W. A. (2011). Biomass briquetting and its perspectives in Brazil. Biomass and bioenergy, 35(1), 236-242.
5. Grajera, B., Datta, A, Gakkhar, M. and Sarma, A.K. (2022). Torrified mustard straw as a potential solid biofuel: A study with physicochemical characterization, thermogrreviometric and emission analysis. Research square.PP.1-28.
6. Ibrahim, M.S., Bello S. , Ibrahim A. (2020). Biomass Briquettes as an Alternative Source of Cooking Fuel towards Green Recovery Post COVID-19. Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology,Vol.5(6): 285-290
7. Kumar, G. S., Rao, D. C., Sreeramulu, D. D., & Madhavi, S. K. (2016). Evaluation of Boiler Efficiency of Bio Briquettes by Indirect Method. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(6).
8. Kumar, P. and Nandi, B.K.(2022). Effect of Mustard Husk, Wheat straw, and Flaxseed Residue Blending on Combustion Behavior of High Ash Coal and Petroleum coke Blends. of of Energy Resources Technology. 144 (9): 092101 (10 pages)
9. Lantasi, A.I.D., Syafrudin and Budiyno, (2020). Rice husk as renewable energy for biogas Production from biomass: Prospect and challenges. E3S Web of Conferences 202, 06024. ICENTS.2020. http://doi.org/10.1051/e3s.conf/ 202020206024.
10. Liu, S. Y. (2003). Development and test study on biomass (straw) briquettes combustion equipment. Zhengzhou. Henan Agricultural University.
11. Maninder, Kathuria, R.S. and Grover, S. (2012). Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative. Source of Energy. IOSR J. Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Vol. 1(5). 11-15. ISSN: 2278-1676
12. Mayoral, M.C., & Izquiredo. (2001). DSC Study of Curing in Smokeless Briquetting.
13. Nilsson, D., Bernesson, S., & Hansson, P. A. (2011). Pellet production from agricultural raw materials–A systems study. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(1), 679-689.
14. Oyelaran, O. A., & Tudunwada, Y. Y. (2015). Determination of the bioenergy potential of melon shell and corn cob briquette. Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment, 6(3), 167-172.
15. Patomsok, W. (2008). Density Equation of BioCoal Briquette and Quality of Maize Cob in Thailand. American J. of Applied Science, 5(12), 1808-1811.
16. Pavan, K.R., Dr. M. S. Bhagyashekhar. (2016). Development of Biomass Briquetting Technology for Northern Regions of Karnataka Using Tamarind Seed Powder as Binder. Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, 12(25
17. Pokale, W.K., Warhate, S.R., Dhanbar, H.R., Sharma,R.R. and. Datir, G.P. (2012). White coal: Best From Waste. Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun:2(3). 216-219. ISSN: 2277-2669.
18. Sharma,D. and Jatav, A S. (2015). Comperative study of Biomass -coal Blends of wheat Paddy and Mustard husk using Boiling test. International. J. Science Engineering and Techonology. www.ijset.in. Vol. 3 (2). ISSN: 2348-4098:
19. Shukla, S., Kushwaha, A. and Singal, S. (2019). Sustainable Fuel Energy Potential from Agricultural Biomass. International J. Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. ISSN: 2313-770. Vol. 8 (4). 401-408.
20. Siddique, M.N.I and Wahid, Z. A. (2018). Achievement and perspectives of anaerobic co-digestion: A review, J. Clean. Prod. Vol.194 (1). 359-371.
21. SU, J. L., ZHAO, X. W., & WANG, W. (2009). Research status and development of the biomass briquette fuel. Energy Conservation Technology, 2
22. Zhang, X., Xu, D., Xu, Z., & Cheng, Q. (2001). The effect of different treatment conditions on biomass binder preparation for lignite briquette. Fuel Processing Technology, 73(3), 185- 196. |
||||||
