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Physico-chemical
Analysis of Aami River Water of Uttar Pradesh |
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| Paper Id :
18027 Submission Date :
10/08/2023 Acceptance Date :
22/08/2023 Publication Date :
25/08/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.8420351 For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract |
River Aami is one of the main tributaries of the river Rapti.
This river passes through heritage land of Siddhartha and Sant Kabir. In this
paper research is going to analyse different physio-chemical parameters and
water quality index of river Aami to assess quality of water. River water is
being polluted with various sources like industrial waste, agricultural field’s
chemical residue and domestic waste. These activities are continuously
deteriorating the adjoining land and riverine ecosystem. For these study
various physico-chemical parameters like D.O., B.O.D., C.O.D.,Total hardness,
T.D.S., Electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, odour and taste, temperature
and colour. seven sampling stations have been selected from every segment of
the river (upper, middle and lower part). While selecting these stations
industrial set up and major settlement centres are kept in mind. Severe
pollution isdetected in lower segment of river before this merge into river
Rapti. Values of Parameters like B.O.D., C.O.D., D.O., T.D.S are not found as
per the given standards of C.P.C.B. |
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| Keywords | Water Quality Index, Physio-Chemical Analysis, Aami river, Riverine Ecosystem. | ||||||
| Introduction | water has multiple use in our life like drinking, irrigation,
industrial and domestic use. But the quality of river water has been becoming
major concern because of its multiple use. The inadequate amount of water and
increasing load of untreated and polluted water are posing serious threats on
river health. Rivers carries sand, silt and sediments from natural sources and
from the anthropogenic source like urban and industrial wastewater discharge.
Although, water is an integral element for life but both India and world are
facing problems related to water pollution. Panda and dash have established and
discussed the relationships among all the different types of physical, chemical
and biological parameters. (panda and dash, 2018). Sangu and Sharma informed in
late 70’s that seventy percent of the surface water has become polluted in
India due to domestic sewage and industrial effluents in natural water sources
like rivers, streams and lakes. (Sangu and Sharma,1978). Gomati, a plain-fed
river in middle ganga plain is found polluted with organic waste due to dense
settlement found in its basin(Gupta and Pankaj, 2006). Physico-chemical quality
of river had analysed by Bijay Gautam and N.K.Rana in 2013 to assess the impact
of river pollution on human health and they found it polluted in both
scientific and practical form. Another study is done by Pramod Kumar Vishwkarma
and Govind Pandey and they suggested that river should not be used as drainage
for industrial effluent and sewage water. |
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| Aim of study |
As this river falls into oldest civilization of the world.
Therefore, quality of river water in this region is severely affected by anthropogenic
and natural processes and industrial sources. Polluted rivers deposits waste
along the banks and in the time of flood their pollutants spread over fertile
agricultural land. Through the process of floods and inundation the life of
neighbouring villages or settlements got affected. Thus, in total a polluted
river affects all most every aspect like environment, and economic activities,
recreational activities. This paper deals with river water quality in India
with special concern of physical and chemical parameters of water quality. |
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| Review of Literature | Panda and dash have established and discussed the
relationships among all the different types of physical, chemical and
biological parameters. (panda and dash, 2018). Sangu and Sharma informed in
late 70’s that seventy percent of the surface water has become polluted in India
due to domestic sewage and industrial effluents in natural water sources like
rivers, streams and lakes. (Sangu and Sharma,1978). Gomati, a plain-fed river
in middle ganga plain is found polluted with organic waste due to dense settlement
found in its basin(Gupta and Pankaj, 2006). Physico-chemical quality of river
had analysed by Bijay Gautam and N.K.Rana in 2013 to assess the impact of river
pollution on human health and they found it polluted in both scientific and
practical form. Another study is done by Pramod Kumar Vishwkarma and Govind
Pandey (2013) and they suggested that river should not beused as drainage for
industrial effluent and sewage water.The study of impact of pulp and paper mill
effluents on water quality of river Aami and its effect on aquatic life is done
by Zuby Afroz and Ajay Singh in 2014.Bhagyashree Tiwari and Ajay singh (2020)
studied impact of various industrial effluents on water quality of river Aami
and its effect on biochemistry of fresh water inhabiting fishes. Study also
found that quality of river water is not good and it is deteriorating day by
day causing neighbouring villagers and aquatic animals to face a kind of stress
affecting their survival. However, fishes like CyprinusCarpio and Mystus Vittatusa
major inhabitant of river in the region shows great adaptability and
resilience. They found seasonal variations in physico - chemical parameters of
river water Aami is found higher than the tolerance limit recommended by WHO. Poonam
Devi and Ajay singh (2023), presented their study of impact industrial
effluents of Aami River water quality and its subsequently impact on
haematological aspects of fresh Water inhabiting fishes. |
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| Main Text | Study area: The Aami river basin is located in the middle ganga plain
in the interfluve’s region of the Ghaghara and Rapti rivers (fig-1). The basin
is lies from 260 29’N to 270 09’ N latitudes and from 82037’
to 83026’E longitudes. the total length of river is 223 km and it
confluence with Rapti river. The basin of river Aami is elongated in shape
towards NW -SE direction. The origin point of river is Sikhara Taal, Dumariyaganj in Siddhartha Nagar district and confluence point at Sohgaura near Kauriram in Gorakhpur district. This river basin extended into four district -Sidhharth Nagar, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar and Gorakhpur of eastern Uttar Pradesh. It has some important urban centres and industries in its catchment area – Maghar (historical site), GIDA (industrial agglomeration), Khalilabad, Basti, Mehdawal, Bansgaon, Dumariyaganj and Sahjanwa. The study area is a part of subtropical monsoon climatic region and receives moderate to high rainfall 100-160 cm.
Map
no. 1 Selection of sampling locations: Sampling station have been selected from Origin point to Confluence point. The total length of river is whole river is divided into three parts:- 1. Upper River Aami Basin 2. Middle River Aami Basin 3. Lower River Aami Basin. Consequently, two sampling station have been selected from each part of stream the sample are collected on frequent interval first facial and temporal analysis of water quality. On the physical part of water quality colour, taste, smell, Turbidity has been checked by personal observation while chemical attributes like PH, conductivity, hardness, BOD, COD, DO, TDS have been tested by microprocessor water and SAL Analysis Kit (Model No. LT-59) all these parameters have been compared with parameters of CPCB (Central Pollution Control board)
Map no. 2 1. Sampling station no. 1 (Bhatpurva Bridge near Rudhauli) 2. Sampling station no 2. (bridge over Rudhauli- Bansi state highway in Rudhauli) 3. Sampling station 3. (road overbridge on NH- 28 in Maghar) 4. Sampling station 4. (near railway bridge in Maghar) 5. Sampling station 5. (near Saraiya Nala ) 6. Sampling station 6. (near Chhatai Road Bridge in Khajani) 7. Sampling station 7 (road overbridge near Kauriram) |
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| Methodology |
For the physico-chemical water analysis study seven sampling stations are selected on the basis of river lengths and distribution of industries and urban centres. These samples are collected once in pre-monsoon and post monsoon during 2022. The samples are collected from midstream in a lab bottles are kept in ice-box for testing. Instrument water analyser 371is used for testing – pH, conductivity TDS dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity. For testing of rest parameters water samples have been sent to NABL approved private laboratory. For analysis and presentation multiple bar method of diagram of statistics has been used. |
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| Result and Discussion | For this study physical and chemical water quality
parameter have been selected.As per its name physical test of water is done by
human senses through observation. These are first expressive properties of
water. Colour, temperature, turbidity, total solids, dissolved solids,
suspended solids, odour and taste physical parameters of river water. And these
can be detected through eyes, nose and tongue. Colour: Colour of water is the
first sign of impurity in water. Wastage ash and disposal of pollutants in
river water has worsen the condition of this river. Visual test has been done
to check colour of water. And, it is found that upper basin water is only muddy
in its nature and colour but water turns dark brown after Khalilabad. Colour of
river water found dark brown throughout its length till Kauriram in pre monsoon
period. After monsoonal rain water inundates adjoining areas and colour of
river water looks muddy. Odour and taste: The term ‘taste’ and
‘odour’ are jointly used in the vernacular of water technology. According to
psychologists, there are only four taste sensations: sour, sweet, salty and
bitter. The taste of water in river Aami is found bitter. According personal
observation and interviews, it is found that neighbouring villagers are not
using river water for themselves and as well as for their cattle. In local
language taste of water is found ‘kasailla’. In River Aami odour is an
important factor to detect pollution level. In the upper segment of river water
is odourless while middle and lower part of river shows alcoholic and fruity
smell. Runoff from Rudhauli sugar mill’s adjacent agricultural field makes
river water odour quality worse. In the lower basin waste water from GIDA make
condition of river water miserable. The neighbouring villagers always complain
about this fruity and alcoholic odour of river water. Anyone can detect this,
while standing at Khalilabad-Maghar Road Bridge, Maghar Railway Bridge, Katka,
Badasar, Chhatai Bridge, Kauriram Varsnasi road bridge.So taste and odour of
river water is found unsuitable. pH Source:
primary data pHin the common language is a measure of how acidic/
basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pH measures
the relative amount of free hydrogen ions in the water. Since pH can be
affected by chemicals in the water, pH is the tested to know about chemical
alteration in water. Highest pH is found during pre-monsoonperiod at Kauriram
in Gorakhpur which is 8.72 and lowest 7.86 at two locations Rudhauli Bansi road
sampling station and under Khalilabad NH highway sampling station. During post
monsoon period pH value 7.1 (lowest is recorded at NH 28 bridge sampling
station. The pH value of river is complying with CPCB standards of bathing at
all the seven stations except Kauriram. During pre-monsoon period and at your
places (Bhatpurva, Rudhauli, Khalilabad, Chattai Bridge) and slightly high pH
is found at others sampling stations – Maghar Railway Bridge, Saraiyya Nala,
Kauriram. At this pH value river water is not good to use for bathing and
drinking. Turbidity
Source:
primary data Cloudy or muddy appearance of water is checked by
turbidity. The turbidity of river Aami is found quite miserable than any other
rivers. In the upper stream the turbidity is found normal but waste water from Rudhauli
sugar mill and distillery unit increases the amount. Turbidity is ranging from
22.4 to 29.4 NTU. Highest (29.4 NTU) is found in pre monsoon period at Kauriram-Varanasi
road bridge and lowest at Maghar railway road 22.8 NTU. Post monsoon turbidity
increases at every station. Turbidity is affecting its recreational value as it
is a historical tourist attraction at Maghar Kabir Mahaparinirvan Site. Temperature
Source:
primary data Temperature of water is a physical parameter which is
tested to detect range of suitable temperature range for aquatic life.
Temperature of water affects dissolved oxygen, and photosynthesis of aquatic
plants. Tic organisms are adapted to a narrow range of temperature and they die
when this gets disturbed. Thus, temperature affects all the aspects of aquatic
organism, food web and this way pollution impact (metabolism, reproduction)
toxicity of pollutants increases with temperature. The temperature variation
during pre-monsoon period is recorded from 26.7 degree centigrade to 30.22
degree centigrade. While temperature of river water varies from 27.32 c to
29.27 ℃ in post monsoon time period. Slight high
temperature 30.22 ℃ during May 22 is
found at kauriram sampling station in Gorakhpur where it merges into river Rapti. Electrical
conductance
Source:
primary data Water can transfer electricity as it has salts which act
as ions. So, conductivity has direct relation with saltiness of water. In this
river electric conductivity ranges from 1168.9 to 2757.4 µS/cm. highest in pre
monsoon period of May, 2022 is found at Chhatai bridge which value 2745.6
µS/cm. while, lowest is recorded at Bhatpurwa near origin point which values 1168.9
µS/cm. after rainy season surface runoff has increased the value of electrical
conductance at every station. TDS
Source:
primary data Water is called as universal solvent and it dissolves any
matter like salts, metals, cations or anions etc. TDS test checks the
quantitative number or amount of dissolved ions dissolved in water not the
nature of ions like either they are cations or anions. This study founds that
highest TDS in river Aami water is present at Chhatai bridge during both pre
and post monsoon period respectively 1867 mg/l and 1875 mg/l. lowest TDS during
pre and post monsoon period is recorded at Kauriram-Varanasi road bridge
station which are 1567 mg/l in May 22’ and 1589 in August 22’. High TDS value
in river water shows that it receives industrial and groundwater from various
sources. Dissolved
oxygen
Source:
primary data It is a measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the
water the amount of oxygen available to living organisms.During both pre-monsoon
and post-monsoon except one sampling station of Bhatpurwa where DO is only 4.1
ppm all the other station have DO value less than 4 ppm. DO is an index of
healthy river ecosystem at this level fishes and aquatic micro-organism states
to decline. 5 to 6 ppm DO is required for the fish growth. During post monsoon
period the lowest do is (2.1 ppm) found at Maghar and Saraiyya Nala sampling
stations during both the time period of pre and post monsoon. This shows river
water at these stations are not as per CPCB standards of class A,B,C,D. At this
level of DO river water is only used for irrigation, industrial cooling etc. BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand represents the amount of oxygen
consumed by bacteria and other micro-organism under aerobic conditions at a
specific temperature. The test of BOD is done are at 20°C for at least five
days. As per standards of CPCB, the value of BOD should be 2mg/l or less than 2
mg/l for outdoor bating purposes. But the value of BOD is far more than CPCB
standards. As per this criterion river water should not be used for drinking or
bathing uses. Highest BOD is found at Sariya Nala 184.2mg/l and lowest at 89.9
mg/l at Bhatpurwa during pre-monsoon period. As per above table we can see that
a minute variation is recorded between these time period at every station for
BOD values. COD
chemical oxygen demand is a test that measures the amount
of oxygen required to chemically oxidized the organic material and inorganic
such as ammonia or nitrate present in water.Highest COD is during may 2022
(pre-monsoon period) is recorded at Saraiya Nala 762.6 mg/l and lowest at
Bhatpurwa 354.7 mg/l. After rain highest value for COD is found 709.4 mg/l at Chhatai
bridge and lowest is found 367.8 mg/l at Bhatpurwa. Permissible limit for COD
by CPCB, New Delhi, is 30mg/l to 250 mg/l. as per COD value water quality
qualifies for E class. Hardness
Scientifically, hardness is the amount of dissolved
calcium and magnesium present in water. besides compound of calcium and
magnesium other variety of metals are also found in water. Highest hardness
value found during pre-monsoon period at Bhatpurwa is 308 mg/l and at the same
station during post monsoon period hardness is recorded highest 295 mg/l.
lowest is found at Rudhauli in pre-monsoon (203mg/l) and post monsoon period
224mg/l. |
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| Conclusion |
Due to its historical, geographical, religious, political and
socio-cultural reasons, eastern Uttar Pradesh is a unique place. Pollution
causing activities have caused severe changes in aquatic environment in the river.
Among selected river water quality parameters few are complying the standard
parameters of CPCB for class A, but after Rudhauli water quality Deteriorate
severely. As per CPCB standards value of DO less than 3.5 indicates absence of
aquatic animals in river water. In this study, it is found that DO level is
less than 3.5 is prevailed from Rudhauli- Bansi road to Chhatai bridge in
Gorakhpur. During pre-monsoon period there is slight improvement in water
quality is observed due to increased flow in the river. But this is not enough
for such pollution case. This is the major concern for River Aami, because a
large number of fishermen, dhobi communities live at bank of this river.
Turbidity, odour, electrical conductivity, colour, TDS, COD, BOD, DO all these
physico-chemical parameters show its present status of deteriorated quality of
water. This condition of river water is caused by disposal of industrial,
sewage waste water into river and lack of natural sotas (its replenishing
capacity). Parameters which determines quality and presence of aquatic living
beings, BOD, COD, and DO values are also indicating its unhealthy condition. It
is advisable to avoid using of river water for drinking, bathing and domestic
use. Use Water of this river is not advisable for animals. The river has class
a type of quality at its origin at Bhatpurava which declines towards confluence
with Rapti River. Organic waste found in this river can be solved with
increased and uninterrupted flow, but its replenishing sources are drying
slowly. Whatever water this river gains though out its way is disposal of waste
water from industries and sewage drains of urban centres. For ecological
existence of this river, and urgent need of revival activities are needed. |
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