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Analysis of Heavy-Metals
(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg) Present in the Sugar Mill Effluent of the Meerut
Region, India and Suggestive Remediation: A Case Study |
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Paper Id :
18114 Submission Date :
14/09/2023 Acceptance Date :
28/09/2023 Publication Date :
09/10/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
DOI:10.5281/zenodo.8427924
For verification of this paper, please visit on
http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/resonance.php#8
|
Manmohan Verma
Assistant Professor
Department Of Chemistry
Ramabai Ambedkar Government Degree College
Gajraula, Amroha,Utter Pradesh, India
Deepa Sharma
Professor
Department Of Chemistry
School Of Basic Sciences & Technology, IIMT University
Meerut, Utter Pradesh, India
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| Abstract
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Heavy
metals contamination is increasing gradually in the environment as a result of
industrial and agriculture works. Meerut region is one the most fertile land of
India for the agriculture and many sugar mills are present in the region along
with industries. Effluent having heavy
metals contaminate both surface water and ground water. A case study is
conducted to physico-chemically analyze the heavy metals in the effluent of
sugar mills of Meerut region, Uttar Pradesh, India. The effluent collected from
outlet/drain of sugar mills. Often Sugar mill effluent is very contaminated
with many heavy metals, hazardous inorganic/organic chemicals and several
microorganisms. The amounts of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead,
Mercury and PH were measured by Indian Standard (IS) methods and the analyzed
values of these are Arsenic (As 0.003 mg/l), Cadmium (Cd 0.1 mg/l), Chromium
(Cr 0.31 mg/l), Copper (Cu 0.45 mg/l),
Lead (Pb 0.04 mg/l), Mercury (Hg 0.02 mg/l) and PH (7.54). The WHO approved
permissible limits of heavy metals and PH in drinking water are Arsenic ( As
0.01mg/l), Cadmium (Cd 0.003 mg/l), Chromium (Cr 0.05 mg/l), Copper(Cu 2.0 mg/l), Lead (Pb
0.01 mg/l), Mercury (Hg 0.001 mg/l) and PH (6.5 to 8.5). This sugar mill
effluent is mainly contaminated with Cadmium, Chromium, Copper and Mercury. Thus, these Sugar mill
effluents cannot be used directly for industrial, irrigation or domestic purpose.
It must be treated before its use. Exposure to these increased levels of heavy
metals can cause several fatal diseases such as skin, lung, prostate cancer,
neurological, respiratory, urinary, and cardiovascular diseases etc. We use
different type of plants to exclude different heavy metals from polluted water
and soil systems. Standard permissible parameters of irrigation water for trace
elements suggested by Food and agriculture organization of UN Rome, 1985 (FAO)
are As (0.1 mg/l), Cd (0.01 mg/l), Cr (0.1 mg/l), Cu (0.2 mg/l), Pb (0.1
mg/l). This paper is to analyze the
contamination levels of Heavy-Metals present in the sugar mill effluent of the
Meerut region, India and usefulness of phytoremediation in the heavy metals removal. |
| Keywords
|
Drinking Water, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Sugar Mill Effluent, CPCB, BIS Standard, WHO Standard, Contaminated Water, Irrigation. |
| Introduction
|
Sugar industry
is agro based industry. It uses large amount of clean water thus produce large
amount of effluent. Gradual addition of hazardous chemicals by sugar mills in
surface water and ground water bodies is very big threat to the environment and
detrimental effect on the plants and animal life in the form of critical
diseases. Sugar mill effluents badly affect the healthy growth of plants,
animals and human being. This polluted industrial effluent is total waste of
water resource because it cannot be used for domestic, industrial or agricultural
purposes. Agriculture is main work of Indian people. This effluent damage the
surface water, ground water and soil quality very badly. All industries and urbanization is creating
clean water scarcity in India. Food crops must not be grown in this effluent
because it contains hazardous organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals and
carcinogenic heavy metals [1] .The availability of heavy metals in the
environment has increased dramatically in recent decades as a result of the
expansion of industry and urbanization, raising serious concerns around the
world [2,3]. Water scarcity
in developing countries is very big problem. In developing countries, millions
of people (about 884 million) do not have access to approved source of drinking
water. United nations now decided that access to approved drinking water as
human right. Heavy metals are non-degradable. Their concentrations in water
above the WHO or CPCB approved limits are poisonous and carcinogenic. Heavy
metal contamination in the body leads deficiencies of essential nutrients,
decreased immunological defence, weak nervous system, reproductive disorder,
vascular diseases, skin lesions, kidney diseases and upper gastrointestinal
cancer etc.[4,5]. Source of heavy
metals present in the sample: Synthetic
products, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, pigment/dyes unit,
galvanizing unit, photography,
electroplating unit, leather industry, metallurgy, mining, weathering,
seepage, leaching (from waste dumps), infiltration, transport sector, alloy
manufacturing, refining and other industrialization processes are main sources
for heavy metal pollution in environment. These are non-biodegradable and There
accumulation in water and soil body increase with time. They are very difficult
to remove from environment. Environment pollution are due to natural process
and anthropogenic activities. [6] Some
Abbreviation used in tis paper. SME=Sugar Mill
Effluent CPCB=Central
Pollution Control Board BIS= Bureau of
Indian Standards FAO=Food and
Agriculture Organization ( Of United Nations) ISO=
International Organization for standardization WHO= World
Health Organization ML= Million HM= Heavy
Metals BOD=Biological
Oxygen Demand DO =Dissolved
Oxygen |
| Aim of study
|
This research is to find out the heavy metals contamination
level in sugar mill effluents of Sugar Mills of Meerut region, India and
related to Ph.D. |
| Review of Literature
|
A study was
conducted to analyse the effect of different concentration of sugar mill
effluent on seed germination of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L ). As the
sugar mill effluent percentage increase in seed germination experiments, shoot
length, root length, seed germination %, fresh weight and dry weight of the
growing plants decrease sharply. PH, seed vigour index, tolerance index,
phytotoxicity percentage are also measured. Sugar effluent normally contain
excessive amount of magnesium Mg (286mg/l), iron Fe (16 mg/l), calcium Ca, Sulphate (290 mg/l), carbonate,
bicarbonate, nitrogen (1250 mg/l), Nitrate, Chloride, acidity, bleaching
agents, organic chemicals, grease and oil (19gm/l) and small amount of copper
Cu (0.42 mg/l), lead Pb (0.52 mg/l), zinc Zn (0.89 mg/l), manganese Mn(0.068
mg/l), etc in comparison to the limits presented by Tamil Nadu Pollution
Control Board. WHO in 2004 reported that polluted water in developing countries
become reason for 80% diseases and 1/3 deaths. Ministry of environment and
forest India categorized three types of industries like- Red industries (highly polluting),
Orange industries (polluting) and green industries ( tolerable polluting).
Sugar industries come under red industry. Thus it release large amount of
hazardous chemicals in environment and increase pollutants load in environment.
[1] In developing
countries about 884 ML people do not have access to reliable drinking water.
[4] There are
several remediation methods for heavy metal contamination. Some remediation
methods are adsorption, ion exchange, phytoremediation, ultra-filtration,
flocculation, electrochemical, precipitation, heating process, chemical process
and coagulation methods [6].The study of environmental pollution is alarmingly
very essential at global level because it adversely affect our ecosystem thus
damage the health of animal, plants and human being.[7]. Heavy metals (Hg, Pb,
Cr, Ni, Cd) are very poisonous in both elemental and combined state. They are
sufficiently soluble in water bodies. Heavy metals have tendency to accumulate
in plant and human body. Nearby areas around the source badly affects
most. [8]. Removal of
heavy metals from large quantity of water and soil sources cannot be done
economically by most of the remediation processes because they are very costly,
time consuming and produce secondary pollution. There are several remediation
processes like- ion exchange, flocculation, electrochemical, precipitation,
heating process, chemical process and coagulation methods etc. Removal of heavy
metals by phytoremediation process is very cheap, less time consuming and
produce no secondary pollution if done up to extraction stage of heavy metals
from ashes of the used plants. After phytoremediation, we dry the used plants
and then burn them. From the ashes of burnt plants, we get different heavy
metals[9]. Toxicity of HM mainly depends upon route of exposure, dose or
duration of exposure and nature of compounds. Toxicity of HM also depends upon
nutritional level, genetics, age, gender and immunity level of individuals. HM
like- As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg are considered systemic toxicants which trigger
several organ disorder. Environmental protection agency (EPA) of US and
international agency for research on cancer consider these HM as carcinogenic
in nature above prescribed limits [10].When Cu1+ oxidize to Cu2+,
we get free radicals. Polymerization of acrylamide initiate with CuCl solution.
The substance which stop Cu1+ formation then polymerization decrease
[11]. This produced free radical is carcinogenic can damage body parts. Toxic Effects
of HM Found in Sugar Mill Effluent Cadmium: It is non-essential transition metal.
So when it is in the body it behave as toxic metal. Its exposure happen with
food, water, cigarette smoking and
inhalation. It accumulate in animals and plants body with half life of
about 28 years. It may cause lung, pancreas, breast cancer [12]. It affect
nervous system. It can destroy DNA. It can destroy immune system. It can
enhance a cancer level. Smell sense loss, taste sense loss, respiratory
disease, hypertension, cardiovascular disease[4]. People get Cadmium through
food, cadmium oxide fumes, polluted water etc. high dose and long term exposure
affect lungs, liver and kidney badly. It cause hematopoietic, immunity and
cardiovascular problem. Acute Cd exposure cause itai-itai, a pain in bone
disease and cancer [6] Chromium:Exposure
of chromium happen through eating, drinking, breathing and skin contact. Cr3+
found in vegetables,fruits and grains and it has less solubility and less
harmful. Cr6+ is very harmful for humans specially who works in
textile and steel industries. It cause dermatitis, ulcer, lung cancer,
shortness of breath, brain damage, liver
necrosis, kidney disease and premature death. It is mutagenic and carcinogenic
in humans [6]. Copper: Copper (Cu) is an essential co-factor
in oxidative stress related enzymes like-catalase, superoxide dismutase,
peroxidase and ferroxidase. It is used in haemoglobin formation, carbohydrate
metabolism, cross linking of collagen and hair keratin. Copper can cycle between Cu(I) and Cu(II) states in redox reactions which is used by
cuproenzymes. This property of copper generate hydroxyl and superoxide radicals
thus make it very toxic. It cause Wilson disease in humans because of cellular
damage [10]. When Cu1+ oxidize to Cu2+, we get free
radicals. Polymerization of acrylamide initiate with CuCl solution. The
substance which stop Cu1+ formation then polymerization decrease [11].
This produced free radical is carcinogenic can damage body parts. Lead: It come in the environment
throughdisposal lead acid batteries, Contaminated dust from source, leaching of
lead from rock or ore stock, smelter discharge, old lead plumbing [3,5]. It present
naturally as PbS, PbCO3 and PbSO4 etc. Urban waste
incineration produce Lead pollution in
environment [6].It is used in solders, cable covering, pigments, paints,
caulking, bearings, plumbing, ammunition [6] and alloy formation. It exist from
Pb(0) to Pb(IV). It works as cumulative body poison. It causes
kidney disease, central nervous system disorder, mental retardation,
gastrointestinal tract disease. Children below age 6 years are at high impact.
In humans, it cause nausea, insomnia, memory loss, anorexia, reproduction disability,
reduced heam synthesis and tumor disease. Lead poisoning cause
Encephalopathy disease which involve coma, headache, convulsion, tremor and
vertigo [6]. Mercury
Exposure of
mercury happen when people live or work near gold amalgam undergo roasting [4],
oremining process[4], paints, pulp and paper, rubber, Chloro-alkali, oil
refining, batteries, fertilizer,pesticides, pharmaceuticals thermometer and
fluorescent tube light industries [6].It is very toxic metal found in the
environment and methyl mercury is very dangerous compound for humans and it causedeformities in
children. It badly affect central nervous system, mental retardation,
convulsions, breaking of chromosome in genetic defects, kidney, dyspnoea and defects
in pulmonary function [6]. |
| Methodology |
Study
Area There
are several sugar industries are situated in Meerut region. The climate of Meerut is categorized as warm
and temperature. In this area, rainfall is in the summer end from June to
September while winter comes after rainy season from October to mid March and
summer season is observed from mid March to
mid October. Its latitude position is
28059’4.7184” N while
longitude is 77042’21.4416” E
[13]. The average annual temperature is 24.1 °C and rainfall is around
886 mm in Meerut [14]. Sugar
Mill Effluent Sampling: The contaminated
sugar mill effluent samples were collected from out let/drain of sugar mills of
Meerut UP, India and stored in PET 5-kg bottles. The samples were collected
from the mid of drain/outlet of sugar mills. The samples were stored at local
ordinary room temperature. Sugar
mill Effluent samples were got tested for Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper,
Lead, Mercury and PH levels according to prescribed measures of IS standards. Heavy
metal quantities in this sugar mill effluent samples were found as -As (0.003
mg/l), Cd (0.1 mg/l), Cr (0.31 mg/l), Cu (0.45 mg/l), Hg (0.02 mg/l), Pb (0.04
mg/l) and PH 7.54. |
| Result and Discussion
|
Table
1 shows the amount (in mg/l) of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg
present in the Mawana Sugar Mill effluent. The result of the testing lab show
that effluent is slightly basic in nature, dull in appearance.Sugar mill
effluent’s physico-chemical analysis results are shown in Table-1. Color of
water affects the photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Color of effluent decrease
the BOD, DO, decomposition of substances by microorganisms. PH dictate the
sustainability of aquatic plants and microorganisms[1]. 
View for Drinking purpose: PH
of Sugar mill effluent is 7.54 which is normal. The analyzed values of heavy
metals of MSM effluent are Arsenic (As 0.003mg/l), Cadmium (Cd 0.1 mg/l),
Chromium (Cr 0.31 mg/l), Copper(Cu 0.45 mg/l), Lead (Pb 0.04 mg/l), Mercury (Hg
0.02 mg/l). The WHO approved limits of heavy metals and PH in drinking water
are Arsenic (As 0.01mg/l), Cadmium (Cd 0.003 mg/l), Chromium (Cr 0.05 mg/l),
Copper(Cu 2 mg/l), Lead (Pb 0.01mg/l), Mercury (Hg 0.001 mg/l) and PH (6.5 to
8.5). This sugar mill effluent is mainly contaminated with Cadmium, Chromium,
lead and mercury when compared with WHO’s drinking water permissible limits.
Thus, this water should not be used for drinking purpose even for animals.
Concentration of Arsenic and Copper are below toxic levels when compared with
WHO parameters. Concentration of Cadmium, Chromium and mercury are very high in
comparison to WHO drinking water permissible limits. Thus, this effluent is very
harmful drinking purpose. Toxic effects of these HM are discussed below.
View
for Irrigation Purpose: FAO-UN and BIS
standard parameters for irrigation water are shown in table-1. When MSM
effluent’s experimental values are compared with FAO-UN and BIS standard
parameters for irrigation, The result show that MSM effluent contain Cadmium,
Chromium and Copper above prescribed limits. Thus, this MSM effluent is not
suitable for direct irrigation purpose. The values of Cadmium, Chromium and
Copper are in toxic level concentration thus it is harmful for plants, animals
and humans.Arsenic and Lead is belove prescribed values of AFO-UN and BIS
parameters thus is not in toxic level.
EPA
natural waters value of mercury for irrigation is 0.002 mg/l [7].Thus, this sugar mill effluent is also contaminated
with mercury in toxic level concentration and not suitable for irrigation
purpose. This effluent should be purified before its use for irrigation
purpose.
The
average heavy metals in Nangodi drinking water sample in northern Ghana are as
0.038 Hg, 0.534 Cd, 0.25 Pb [3].The average heavy metals in Tinga drinking
water sample innorthern Ghana are as 0.064 Hg, 0.023 Cd, 0.031 Pb [4]. For
mercury, this sugar mill effluent is less contaminated when compared with
Nangodi and Tinga water samples. For Cadmium and Lead, this sugar mill effluent
isless polluted than Nangodi water sample but more polluted than Tinga water
sample [4].
The
average concentration of As,Pb and Hg in the waste water used for irrigation in
Morelos, Zacatecas are as 0.158 mg/l As,
0.353 mg/l Pb, 0.0027 mg/l Hg[7]. This sugar mill effluent is less polluted
when compared with As and Pb values of Morelos but more polluted when compared
with Hg value of Morelos 
Graph-1. Pictorial Representation of Data 
Pie chart of Cadmium  Pie chart of Chromium, 
Pie chart of Lead in the effluent 
Pie chart of Mercury in the
effluent |
| Conclusion
|
When a field
was irrigated by waste water ( having Hg 0.82 µg/l, Cd 0.18 µg/l, Pb 1.5µg/l,
As 8.02µg/l) in Tianjin (China), it is
found that irrigated water was not contaminated beyond China surface water
quality standard. But waste water irrigated soil accumulate heavy metals, thus,
it damage soil quality [22]. Heavy metals badly affect cellular system process
like-damage repairing process, retard growth and apoptosis [23]. Arsenic enter
in our body through skin, nails, breath and food where it accumulate in skin,
nails, hair and muscles. It causes keratosis, lung cancers, cardiovascular
disease, neurological disease, IQ & memory loss and hyperpigmentation [24]. Increased
population and industrialization along the river Adyar (Chennai) making it
polluted [25]. The analysis of heavy metals and PH of sugar
mill effluents show that the effluent contain heavy metals like-Arsenic,
Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, lead, mercury etc with other organic and inorganic
substances. Some of these HM present above the prescribed limits of WHO, BIS
and CPCB parameters as shown in the table-1. These
contaminants and hazardous chemicals make the effluent unfit for irrigation,
industrial and domestic purpose. There are many devastating and detrimental
effects of high concentration of HMs.
Phytoremediation
is the only best method to decontaminate the polluted effluent because it is of low cost, convenient and
economically feasible. There are many aquatic and soil plants which remove
different heavy metals and other hazardous organic and inorganic substances in
different capacity. In phytoremediation, one plants absorb /adsorb specific
heavy metal/metals or specific organic substance while second plants absorb
/adsorb other heavy metal /metals or organic substance. Thus, specific plant is
used to Phyto remediate a specific heavy metal or organic substance. pH of
Sugar mill effluent is 7.54 which is normal value of pH. The analyzed values of
heavy metals of Sugar mill effluent are Arsenic ( As 0.003mg/l), Cadmium
(Cd 0.1 mg/l), Chromium (Cr 0.31 mg/l), Copper(Cu 0.45 mg/l), Lead
(Pb 0.04 mg/l), Mercury (Hg 0.02 mg/l).
The WHO approved limits of heavy metals and pH in drinking water are Arsenic (
As 0.01mg/l), Cadmium (Cd 0.003 mg/l), Chromium (Cr 0.05 mg/l), Copper(Cu 2 mg/l), Lead (Pb 0.01 mg/l), Mercury (Hg 0.001 mg/l) and PH (
6.5 to 8.5 ). The main pollutants of sugar mill effluent are Cadmium, Chromium,
lead and mercury when compared with WHO’s drinking water permissible limits.
Thus, this water should not be used for drinking purpose for animals.
Concentrations of Arsenic and Copper are below toxic levels when compared with
WHO parameters. When Meerut sugar mill
effluent’s experimental values are compared with FAO-UN and BIS standard
parameters for irrigation water, The result show that this effluent contain
Cadmium, Chromium and Mercury above prescribed limits. Arsenic and Lead are
below prescribed values of AFO-UN and BIS parameters thus not in toxic
level. EPA natural waters value of
mercury for irrigation is 0.002 mg/l (7). In this respect, this sugar mill
effluent is also contaminated with mercury in toxic level concentration and not
suitable for irrigation purpose. Thus, it is highly recommended to treat/purify
the sugar mill effluent before its use in irrigation, industrial or domestic
purpose. Phytoremediation is a very promising technique to eliminate heavy
metals contaminants (HMC) from water and soil bodies. Special plant is used to
remove particular heavy metal. Treatment of water and soil body with biochar
before phytoremediation and mycorrhizal assistance increase absorption area for
heavy metals [26].There are several conventional techniques to treat polluted
sources like- adsorption, ion exchange, ultra-filtration, flocculation,
electrochemical, precipitation, heating process, chemical process and
coagulation methods [27]. |
| Acknowledgement
|
Authors greatly acknowledge research development department of IIMT university, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India for all kinds of infra structures and facilities. |
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