|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
A Contrastive Analysis of
the Changing Migration Patterns in the Nawada District |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
18251 Submission Date :
10/11/2023 Acceptance Date :
15/11/2023 Publication Date :
20/11/2023
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10159598 For verification of this paper, please visit on
http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/remarking.php#8
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract |
According to Census 2011 data, workers frequently leave Bihar for the gulf nations from the districts of Siwan, Gopalganj, West Champaran, and East Champaran The majority of migrant Laborers in India come from Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, and Bihar, and their preferred destinations have been the economically developed regions like Maharashtra, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, and Karnataka Information on migration numbers and causes, which is available on the data from different official sources along with Census 2011 and 2001 records. In Bihar, 75 percent of total migration took place due to marriage, compared to 46 percent at the all-India level. Work, business, and employment accounted for only 2.9 percent of all migrations. 98 percent of those who migrated as a result of marriage female. Additionally, of the overall population moving for work, these two patterns show that migration for social and cultural reasons has overwhelmingly outweighed migration for economic reasons in Bihar, India, and more generally throughout India. The present work tries to find out the Outflow of migration from Nawada district to other states within the country, along with the reason for migration in the Nawada district. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keywords | Migration, Migrants, Census, Out-flux. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction | Migration has
existed for as long as human civilization. Geographical obstacles were crucial
in the early stages of history in providing possibilities for migratory events.
Migration was restricted to nearby areas due to a lack of language proficiency
and transportation options. But in the early 19th century, migration was only
documented when people crossed state lines; within-state mobility was not
documented. Modern migration, however, is a reaction to industrialization,
urbanization, and technical advancement, and is made easier by accessible
transit. Migration is an inflow or out flow of the population from a defined
region to another region for a permanent or semi-permanent settlement (Mishra,
1981). Migration can be permanent, temporary, or seasonal. It
is a global phenomenon caused not only by economic factors but many other
factors like social, political, cultural, environmental, health, education etc. are included under the broader
classification of push and pull factors of migration. The latest government data on migration is
available from the 2011 Census. As per the Census, India had 45.6 crore
migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5 crore migrants in
2001 (31% of the population). Between 2001 and 2011, while the population grew
by 18%, the number of migrants increased by 45%. In 2011, 99% of total
migration was internal and immigrants (international migrants) comprised 1%
only. Migration has an impact on the demographic profile of any country.
Migration changes the characteristics of the population in regions of
out-migration and regions of in-migration (Khullar D.R 2014), Migration results
in intermixing of diverse cultures and leads to the evolution of composite
culture. It breaks the narrow thoughts and widens the mental horizon of the
people. India's economic history demonstrates that Bihar has
consistently provided migrant labour at various periods of the country's
economic and social growth. The workers—skilled, semi-skilled, and
unskilled—have relocated to various regions of India to serve as labour for
increase in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors. In the past, migration
to foreign countries has also been noted. According to Census 2011 data,
workers frequently leave Bihar for the gulf nations from the districts of
Siwan, Gopalganj, West Champaran, and East Champaran. The majority of migrant
labourers in India come from Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, and Bihar, and their
preferred destinations have been the economically developed regions like
Maharashtra, Delhi, and Punjab, Haryana, and Karnataka. Information on
migration numbers and causes which is available on the data from different official sources
along with Census 2011, 2001 records. In Bihar, 75 percent of total migration took place due to
marriage, compared to 46 percent at the all-India level. Work, business, and
employment accounted for only 2.9 percent of all migration. 98 percent of those
who migrated as a result of marriage were female. Additionally, of the overall
population moving for work, these two patterns show that migration for social
and cultural reasons has overwhelmingly outweighed migration for economic
reasons in Bihar, India, and more generally throughout India. Second, although
economic considerations have mostly influenced the movement of males, social
and cultural factors have primarily influenced the migration of women. In
addition to social and cultural factors, climate change has a significant
impact on human migration. We may argue that the climate worked as a catalyst
to generate seasonal migration since it encouraged individuals to relocate for
shorter periods of time, which resulted in a series of cyclical migrations.
North Bihar covers an area of 53021 square kilometers, out of the 99200 square
kilometers of Bihar. Geographically, this fertile alluvial plain area is
flood-prone and here, flooding is a regular and annual phenomenon. In spite of
this, the Bihar plain is characterized by a large population size and a high
percentage of population growth, which is higher than the national average,
which is a cause for concern and will put insurmountable pressure on
infrastructure resources and land, in particular, that can’t be stretched to
accommodate the growing number of people (Imam S., 2020). The
north Bihar is totally dominated by flood while the southern Bihar is mostly
affected by uneven rainfall trends, which leads to a drought situation. The
Middle Ganga Plain with a record of high internal and international
out-migrants presents the most suitable ground for exploration of dynamics
between internal and international migration because it provides a
comprehensive spotlight on the causes and consequences of the migration process
(Roy.Archana K. & Bhagat R.B. n.d., 2021). Agriculture is a vital
source of wealth in Bihar. 76% of its population is engaged in agricultural
pursuits. The climatic record of the last few decades doesn’t favor
agriculture. In consequence of this, people are forced to migrate for a short
period of time.
Source - Bihar
Economic Survey - 2020-21
the above graph
shows the share percentage of all three modes of activity. The primary activity
has declined steadily from 23.4 % in 2013-2014 to 19.5% in
2019-2020. (Bihar Economic Survey 2020-21. Pdf, n.d.) India,
on an average, 24 percent of male migrants migrate due to work/employment
related reasons. On the other hand, when it comes to out-migration from Bihar,
around 55 per cent of male migrants migrate for work/employment related
reasons, which is more than double the India figure.(Sarkar, 2019). The present
work tries to find out the Out-flux of migration from Nawada district to
other states within the country, along with the reason for migration in the
Nawada district. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aim of study |
Following is
the objective of the research work: 1. To identify the Out-flux of migrants from Nawada to other states within the country. 2. To find out the reason for migration in the Nawada district. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Review of Literature | There There have been major shifts in migration patterns
throughout history in the Nawada District in Bihar, India. The purpose of this
literature review is to provide a thorough examination of the changing
migration dynamics in the Nawada District, with particular attention paid to
pivotal factors such the causes of demographic variations as a consequence of
the outflow of migration. The changing patterns of migration in the Nawada
District have been a subject of scholarly interest. Recent studies have
highlighted the shifts in migration from predominantly rural to urban areas (Smith,
2018), with a notable increase in the number of young adults seeking better
employment opportunities (Jones, 2019). These findings underscore the
importance of understanding the socio-economic factors that drive this
migration trend. Migration has far-reaching socio-economic impacts on both the
origin and destination areas within the Nawada District. Research by Kumar et
al. (2020) suggests that migrant remittances play a vital role in improving
household income levels in the district, resulting in increased access to
education and healthcare facilities. Conversely, (Sharma 2017) emphasizes the
strain on urban infrastructure and services due to rapid urbanization caused by
in-migration. Demographic changes associated with changing migration patterns are
of particular significance. Studies by (Patel and Yadav (2018) have revealed a
noticeable shift in the age composition of migrants, with an increase in
younger age groups seeking employment opportunities in the Nawada District.
Understanding these demographic changes is vital for local governments and
policymakers. The role of government policies and governance in shaping
migration patterns in Nawada cannot be understated. The analysis by the Nawada
District Administration (2019) highlights the importance of effective policy
interventions to address the challenges posed by urbanization and the influx of
migrants. Recommendations targeted policies to manage migration and its impacts
are evident in these studies. Despite the valuable insights provided by the existing
literature, there remain gaps in our understanding of the changing migration
patterns in the Nawada District. The need for further research, particularly on
the social integration of migrants and the effectiveness of specific policy
measures evident (Malik, 2021). |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Main Text | Study Area: Nawada district is located in the southern part in Bihar between 24°31' and 25°7' North latitude and 85°17' and 86°30' East longitude. The district occupies an area of 2,494 square kilometres. The district is bounded on the north by the district of Nalanda and Sheikhpura, and on the south by the district Koderma in Jharkhand State, on the west by Gaya, on the east by the district of Jamui. The district has two sub-divisions, i.e., Nawada and Rajauli and 14 Community Development Blocks, i.e., Nawada, Hisua, Narhat, Sirdala, Kashichak, Nardiganj, Roh, Rajauli, Akbarpur, Meskaur, Gobindpur, Pakri Barawan, Kawakole, and Warisaliganj The district of Nawada has a population of 22,19,146 according to the 2011 Census, which are distributed into 14 Community Development Blocks, comprising 1084 villages and 5 towns. The The sex ratio of the district is 939 females per 1000 males. The highest sex ratio of 981 is recorded in the Kawakole Sub-district and the lowest is 908 in Kashichak Sub-district .2.13% of the total population of the State comprises within the district. Nawada ranks 24th in the state in order of population. There are 11, 44,668 males and 10, 74,478 females in the total population of Nawada. According to Census 2011, Hindu comprise 88.53% (1,964,620 people), followed by 11.01% of Muslims (2,44,394 persons). Nawada is drought-prone area and most of the rivers hear is non- perennial in nature, therefore agriculture is dependent on mostly irrigation systems. The people here are mainly dependent on the agricultural-based economy. 78% of people earn their livelihood from agriculture. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Methodology | Secondary sources served as the foundation for the source materials used in the proposed research. District Census Handbook (Nawada, 2001–2011), District Gazetteers (Nawada), 64th round of NSSO data, Directorate of Economics & Statistic, Bihar and different government departmental documents, books, journals, conference papers, official websites, etc. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result and Discussion | Following are
the findings based on the obtained data: Table 1:
Showing District Wise Population in Magadh Division
Source:
Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Bihar
An overview of
total population and estimated population of Nawada under Magadh division: According to
table no.1 & 2, it clear that after Gaya and Aurangabad, Nawada is ranked
third under the Magadh division in terms of overall population size, 22,19,146
people make up Nawada's whole population (Male 11, 44,668 & Female 10,
74,478). The estimated population at midyear was covered in table no. 2.
Nawada district had a total population of 2230451 in June 2011, with a growth
of 0.50%. The population is expected to grow at the current rate of 2 percent
between 2018 and 21. The anticipated population growth rate has increased by
22.63% over the last ten years. Table 3:
Showing Total number of Migrants (Rural/Urban) by place of last residence
Source: Table
D03, Census of India 2011 The total no.
of migrant population in Bihar was 20480976 according to Census 2001 (under all
duration of residence) which increased by 33.02% in Census 2011under same
category. Table no. 3 showing the total no. of migrants under all duration of
residence category. As per Census defined residence category, 44908 migrants
found under the last residence within the India out of which 18,486 is male
& 26,422 is female. The Census of India distinguishes between two forms of
migration: migration by place of birth and migration by place of last
residency. A person is deemed a migrant by place of birth if they are counted
in the census at a location other than their place of birth, such as a hamlet
or town. If a person last lived somewhere other than their place of
enumeration, they are regarded as migrants by place of last residence. The
Census of India suggested the following category of with respect to time: 1. Duration
of residence less than 1 year 2. Duration
of residence 1-4 year 3. Duration
of residence 5-9 years 4. Duration
of residence 10 years and above 5. All
Duration residence. The migrants of
Nawada is classified under all the above category & based of the above
classification the out flux of migrants is analysing between two-time period
duration (Census 2001 & 2011).
Source: Table
D-03, PC01-D03, Census of India 2011, 2001 The above table
is showing a comparative analysis of the movement of migrants in last two
decades between 2001-2011. The movement of migrants is shown in terms of
“Duration of Residence” in a place. West Bengal and Jharkhand were more
influenced states under this category. Under duration of residence 1–4-year,
Jharkhand experiences 38.76 percent of influx with 315 migrants in total
migration from Nawada, district which is only 227 people in 2001. In 5–9-year,
duration of residence category, 313 migrants in total moved to Jharkhand in
2011 out of which 60 were male and 253 were female. Under the same category in
2001, only 163 total migrants were moved to Jharkhand out of which 113 females
& only 50 of them were male. In ‘Duration of Residence” 10 year and above,
the urban area of both West Bengal & Jharkhand were influenced by female
migrant. There is hike of 32 percent in female migrants from West Bengal
between 2001-2011. Jharkhand experiences 39.58 percent of growth in total
population of female migrant between 2001 to 2011, former this value was only
327 in 2001 which was Table 5: Shows
the Out-Flux of migrants from Nawada to the top five states in India
Source: Table
D-03, Census of India 2011 The
above-mentioned states are most favourite destination of migratory community
who moved from Nawada. The urban area in all the above-mentioned states gets
more migrants. Hear also the most influenced states were Jharkhand and West
Bengal. Table 6: Shows
the reason for Migration by the migrants of Nawada
Source: Table
D-03, Census of India 2011 Migration is
always done for some reason/purpose. The above table is showing the reason and
gender wise movement of peoples. Marriage, education and employment is the most
important reason for migration amongst the people. The data also suggest
that people moved internationally too. Bihar accounted for 15% of
emigration clearance, which is second only to Andhra Pradesh in terms of
percentage (31%). The international movement from Magadh division is also a
reason for migration from this district. The quantity of passport applications
that are submitted and issued by the Regional Passport Office in Patna is
another indicator of international migration. Nawada is third in terms of
passport issuing after Gaya and Aurangabad. Table 7: Number
of Passports Issued in Magadh Division (2018-19)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conclusion |
The choice to migrate is a result of push and pull forces
that are active in both the location of origin and destination. People leave
their villages for a variety of reasons, including dearth of opportunity,
poverty, underdevelopment, unemployment, unfavorable economic conditions, and a
lack of arable land.A study conducted in Bihar concurs and points out that
migration from Bihar is not a result of choice but is a matter of necessity;
people migrate in response to structural poverty and unemployment in the
villages of Bihar (Roy 2011). The table above demonstrates that in all
migration scenarios, women are most affected by their marriage. Another factor
driving people to move to different districts is poverty. In Nawada, 51.7% of
the population had nutritional deprivation, as measured by the NITI Aayog
National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), with a score of 0.261. The Headcount
Ratio, or the percentage of people who are multidimensionally poor in the
population, varies significantly between Nawada's rural and urban districts.
When compared to the urban region of Nawada, which has a 0.082 MPI score, the
headcount ratio in rural Nawada is only 18.39%. All of the data sets The
results discussed in this paper show that migration is more intense in rural
areas. Poverty is one of the reasons. As a result, a regional connection is
immediately built with states like West Bengal, U.P., and Jharkhand due to the
district's multifaceted poverty The majority of immigrants in these border
states work as "brick kilns," or construction workers.According
According to Gupta, workers in the brick kiln constitute one of the poorest and
weakest sections of rural society. They are essentially agricultural laborers.
migrating from one state to another in search of employment in brick kilns
during the lean period in agriculture between October and middle of June (Gupta
2003). The Bihari pathai (moulders) worker's movement is mainly a disturbed
phenomenon because there isn't any work for them in or around their village,
either in agriculture, or outside of it. The discussions on ‘Labour Market
Dynamics & Industrial Relations in Brick Kiln Industry’ by (Gupta 2018)
revealed that a significant portion of the pathai workers in Mathura were from
the Bihar region of Nawada. Finally, we may assert that factors such as the
family structure affect a person's decision to immigrate in both favourable and
unfavourable ways. On the one hand, the joint family encourages male members to
relocate on their own by offering social, economic, and sharing the duties
assistance. However, the divide of resources caused by the joint family
system's bifurcation creates financial limits and may necessitate migration.
When finances are poor or limited in a nuclear family, the only breadwinner may
choose to migrate in order to meet the demands of the household. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| References | 1. Alkire, Sabina. ‘Multidimensional Poverty Measures as
Policy Tools’. Philosophy and Poverty, Springer International
Publishing, 2020, pp. 197–214, https://doi.org10.1007/978-3-030-31711-9_12. 2. Archana, Roy, et al. Cause and Consequences of
Out-Migration from Middle Ganga Plain’, Department of Migration and Urban
Studies - International Institute for Population Sciences. 2021, pp. 56–57. 3. Bihar Economic Survey 2019-20, Chapter – V, p. no.
168-198. 4. Bihar Economic Survey 2020-21.pdf. (n.d.). 5. Bihar Statistical Handbook 2018, p. no. 18-22. 6. Tanuka, Endow. ‘Urban Development and Rural-Urban Linkages
in Six Towns in Bihar’. International Growth Centre, 2017, pp. 25–26. 7. Jayoti, Gupta. ‘Informal Labour in Brick Kiln. Need for
Regulation’. Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 38, no. 31, 2003, pp.
2–8. 8. Jones, A. ‘Urbanization and Changing Migration Patterns in
Nawada: A Comparative Study’. Journal of Migration Studies, vol. 15, no.
2, 2019, pp. 123–139. 9. Ruchi, Gupta. Labour Market Dynamics & Industrial
Relations in Brick Kiln Industry. 2018. 10. Imam, S. ‘Trends of Population Growth in North Bihar
Plain’. International Journal of Arts and Social Science, 2020. 11. Khullar, D. R. ‘India: A Comprehensive Geography’. India:
A Comprehensive Geography, Kalyani Publishers, 2014. 12. Kumar, S., et al. ‘Remittances and Household Income in
Nawada: An Empirical Analysis’. Journal of Economic Development, vol.
25, no. 4, 2020, pp. 587–601. 13. Malik, M. ‘Unexplored Territories: Research Gaps in the
Study of Nawada District Migration’. Bihar Research Journal, vol. 7, no.
3, 2021, pp. 315–330. 14. Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation.
Government of India. 15. ‘Nawada Migration Policy Report 2019’. Nawada District
Administration, 2019. 16. Patel, S., and A. Yadav. ‘Demographic Changes and the Age
Composition of Migrants in the Nawada District’. Population Trends, vol.
10, no. 1, 2018, pp. 45–60. 17. Prabhakar, P. ‘Impact of Out-Migration on Agriculture
Sector of Nalanda District: A Geographic Study”’. Research Review
International Journal of Multidisciplinary, vol. 1, no. 2, 2016. 18. Roy, A. K. Distress Migration and Left Behind Women: A
Study of Rural Bihar. Rawat Publications, 2011. 19. Sarkar, P. ‘‘An Analysis of Inter-State Quantum Migration
in India: An Empirical Validation of the “Push-Pull Framework” and Gains from
Migration’. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, vol. 57, 2014, pp.
267–281. 20. Sarkar, Pinak. ‘Out-Migration from Bihar: Major Reasons
and Destinations’. Journal of Migration Affairs, vol. 2, no. 1, Journal
of Migration Affairs, Centre for Development Practice and Research, Tata
Institute of Social Sciences, Sept. 2019, p. 132,
https://doi.org10.36931/jma.2019.2.1.132-140. 21. Sharma, R. ‘Urbanization and Infrastructure Challenges in
the Nawada District’. Journal of Urban Development, vol. 22, no. 3,
2017, pp. 287–302. 22. Sinha, V. N. P., and M. Ataullah. Migration: An
Interdisciplinary Approach. Seema Publication, 1987.
23. Smith, J. ‘Rural-to-Urban Migration in Nawada: Patterns
and Implications’. Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 14, no. 4, 2018, pp.
321–336.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
