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Reproductive problems affect the herd life, reproduction efficiency of cows and economy of dairy herds and are responsible for culling of the cows. It has been observed that indigenous breed are less susceptible for the reproduction problems as compared to the crossbred cows.

Identification of non-genetic factors influencing breeding problems will facilitate developing breeding and management strategies for realizing higher intensity and increased accuracy of selection of elite cows in the herd (Balasundaram B. 2010).

The date were collected from the history sheet regarding health register, culling reports, mortality and fertility  registers of 641 calving records of 193 adult Haryana breed cows enrolled at Govt. livestock farm, Hastinapur in the Northern India, The data were spread lover a period of 18 years of calving from 1992 to 2009, which were classified into four periods, four seasons and five parity numbers. This was done to estimate the incidence of reproductive problems in different level these non-genetic factors and then to conduct the analysis of variance to know the significance of the differences in the incidence. The following mathematical model was used to conduct the analysis of variance.

Yijkl = µ+Li + Pj + Sk + eijkl

where,                            

µ= overall mean

Li= effect of i^th lactation (i= 1………….. 5)

pj = effect of j^th period (j = 1…………4)

Sk = effect of k^th season (K =1…………… 4)

eijkl = random error specific to the particular observations.

Incidence of anoestrus

The result the present study on the average incidence of anoestrus and repeat breeding cows have been presented in Table 1. The overall incidence of anoestrus Cows in this herd was 24.96 percent. Thus about one fourth of the total cows not comes in heat within 90 days of calving, Almost similar estimates from 22.40 percent to 27.50 percent were reported by Patel etal (2007), Bhattacharya and Buchoo (2008) and Kumar etal (2018) in Gujrat and Kashmir region. On the contrary Sangeeta etal (2002) and Sardar etal (2010) reported the incidence of anoestrus to only 15.6 percent and 20.4 percent respectively.

The incidence of anoestrus was found highest 32.12 percent among first calf heifers and there was a decreasing trend with increase in parity order, Being only 17.64 percent in fifth and later lactations. The statistical analysis of data presented in Table 2 had shown that the parity of calving had significant effect on the incidence of anoestrus. This was in close agreement with Khan et al. (2016) The higher incidence of anoestrus in first calves may be due to that most of the part of their energy is utilized for milk production and in building up their body as a protective mechanism to conserve their own body reserve and left out energy inadequate for performing reproductive functions.

The period of calving caused very little variation (23.9 to 28.4 percent) in anoestrus. It indicate that the period of calving had no effect on the incidence of anoestrus (Table 2). Bhattacharya and Bachoo (2008). have also found that the incidence of anoestrus varied  among years from 20.6 to 34.6 percent.

The incidence of anoestrus was high in cows calved during summer season (33.3 percent) Table 1, and low in those calved in rainy season (18.7 percent), season of calving had significant (P<0.05) effect (Table 2) on incidence of anoestrus. Balasundran etal (2010) had the similar observation in crossbred cows. Kumar etal (2014) stated that the environmental stress  (Extreme hot and cold) affect development of follicle and manifestation of oestrus in cattle. Ovarian activity is greatly reduced by heat stress and manifested in the form of anoestrus.

Table:1 Average incidence of reproductive problems (%) in relation to different  non-genetic factors.

Effects	No. of observations	Anoestrus	Repeat Breeding
Overall	642	24.96 (160)	12.48 (8)
Parity
1	193	32.12 (62)	16.06(31)
2	153	24.83 (38)	11.76(18)
3	116	22.41(26)	12.07(14)
4	77	20.77(16)	11.68(9)
5	102	17.64 (18)	7.84(8)
Period
1	74	28.38(21)	13.51(10)
2	167	25.15(42)	12.57(21)
3	226	23.89(54)	11.94(27)
4	174	24.71(43)	12.64(22)
Season
Winter	298	24.83(74)	13.75(41)
Summer	135	33.33(45)	16.29(22)
Rainy	139	18.70(26)	6.47(9)
Autumn	69	21.74(15)	11.59(8)

*Figure in parenthesis are the number of affected cows.

Table:2 ANOVA showing the effect of different non-genetic factors on reproductive problems.

S.V	DF	Anoestrus	Repeat Breeding
Lactations	4	0.5565*	0.3669*
Periods	3	0.0121	0.0122
Seasons	3	0.5208*	0.2807*
Error	630	0.1853	0.1098

*P<0.05

Incidence of Repeat breeding

 The overall incidence of repeat breeding in this hard was observed to be 12.48 percent (Table1) Almost similar findings have been reported by Thakur et a.l (2006 a) 12.41 percent, Singh et al. (2008) 14.75 percent, Sardar etal (2010) 12.80 percent, Yusuf etal (2010) 14.0 percent in Indian of breeds of cows, whereas, the incidence of repeat breeding from 12 to 20 percent was reported by sharma and Karwani (2003) and Kaur       et al.(2011) in central zone of Punjab in Indian and crossbred cows.

The incidence of repeat breeding was found highest in the first calvers than older cows (Table 1). Statistically the parity of calving had significant (P<0.05) effect on the incidence of repeat breeding (Table 2). It was indicated that the higher incidence of matritis, anatomical hormonal and management practices may be occurred. About 40 percent of the repeat breeder cows are due to fertilization failure, Fertilization failure triggered due to abnormalities in ovulation (wodaje and Mekurea, 2016), On the contrary, low incidence of repeat breeding in heifer calving had been reported by Arun and singh (2009) in Haryana cows.

The cows calved among different periods showed the incidence of repeat breeding from 11.94 to 13.51 percent (Table 1) and exert non- significant influence on that traits (Table 2). This was supported by Sangeeta et al. (2002). Whereas on the contrary, Bhattachary and Buchoo (2008) observed the significant influence on such trait.

It was further observed that the incidence of repeat breeding was highest among the cows calved during summer season (16.29 percent) and lowest  was during rainy season (6.47 percent), Season of calving had significant effect on incidence of repeat breeding. The high incidence of repeat breeding during summer season may be due to high temperature which depressed feed Consumption, hormonal dysfunction, nutritional inadequacies and improper management practices resulting in the reduction of conception rate (Malik et al 2019). Season of calving had significant influence on the incidence of repeat breeding had reported by Balasundran et al (2010) in crossbred Cows.

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