As the title suggest an intensive time and motion study In respect of all the activities essential for operating any dairy enterprise was conducted to investigate whether one should opt for PCDF sector (Cooperative) or Non PCDF sector (Non Cooperative) for the same and the results were that labourer input a required in PCDF sector was recorded about 20% higher than non-PCDF sector yet when it was associated with the yield it was revealed that better care and management as well as availing Cooperative community facilities, the same set of livestock can give better yield and side by side can generate most employment opportunities in the shape of more time investment per milch animal per day and thus it came out as economically more viable comparative yield** in both the sectors in case of buffaloes, was 5.82 litre/4.97litre, for local Cow 3.36 litre/3.51 litre for crossbred Cows 9.23 litr/7.54 litre respectively for PCDF and Non PCDF sectors. No doubt the absolute M.M invested were recorded 98.45 MM in PCDF sector and 78.35MM in Non PCDF sectors per milch animal per day. but the figures of resultant productivity or claim that PCDF sector is recommended for the species of buffalo’s and crossbred Cow's without any further micro detailing.

After two decade of independence even our country was behind in respect of milk production and per capita milk availability as well to cope with the situation. Operation Flood was started in 1970 and since then our production has been scaling new heights on an on with the results  that as per data for the year 2021-22 India has  become the largest producer of milk globally with a share of 24% of total world milk production. Per capita milk availability in our country was computed as 444 gms per day while global average was only 322gms per day as per data compiled for 2121-22. These remarkable changes or reversal of situation was possible only due to the development of cooperative dairying after inception of operation flood. The role of cooperative society formed for this purpose was to  provide latest know how regarding  etc. and to develop marketing net work also just to optimized the labour input and returned as well for the producers of milk at large.

Keeping in view the above fact this study was conducted to assured to comparative labour utilization pattern in cooperative and non-cooperative sectors and its association with productivity generation of employment opportunities. Activity-wise time study was conducted just to calculate  total time or man minute required to accomplish all the activity for both the sectors separately, so that man power requirements be computed for any units and trends according to the size of the holding were also analysed for the selection of optimum herd size. Seasonal variation were also analysed so that labour requirements in respect of different seasons may be  projected and arranged for accordingly. Inferences drawn after the study on the above lines are being given here under. The main inference after  the study came out was that for dairying activities cooperative sector is better as compared to non-cooperative  sector in the shape of better yield, returned and generation of employment opportunity as well for family labour including women primarily and available hired labour simultaneously.

**See Appendix

Kumari Binita & Malhotra Ravindra (2016)-   The study revealed that 84.58 Man-minute was spent under cooperative members while 82.78 Man-minute was spent in Non-member Co-operative per milch animal per day. Coefficient for conversion of total time spent into human hours is 4.61/5.85=0.788 in case of member and it is 4.13/5.31=0.777. Man-minutes calculation as operation wise as under.  Overall average animal size per household is 3.24 under member group and 2.97 in Non-member group.

MM/day/animal = Operation wise total human hours x coefficient x 60/Overall  animal size per household. Thus  the activity wise figures as computed in MM equivalent are as under.

Kashish et.al (2017) - The findings of the research study revealed that the total labour used was calculate on overall basis was 5.68 hours/day person for performing all the operation for the dairy animals. The operations-wise figures are as under.

Operation-wise the labour employed ranged between 5.63 hours to 6.60 hours per day and varied directly to holding size of the farmers. Grazing practice  is carried out by few  landless and marginal farmers. Fodder cutting and bringing fodder activity spent maximum time i.e, 2.17 hours/day among all the operation in dairy farming.

*Only four and one respondents took their animal for a grazing among landless (LL) and Marginal (M.F.) dairy farmers. respectively.

Source, Kashish et.al, 2016.

*M.M equivalent on the basis of above table for all categories combined is computer as 5.68x60=340.80M.M.
Singh Rishikanta KH and Chauhan A.K (2014)- The study was concluded that on an average member cooperative consumed 4.03 hours/day for dairy activies which is equivalent to 3.75  person hour. On the other hand, the non member group utilized on an average 3.38 hours/day on dairying which is equivalent to 3.13 person hours operation wise time consumed in various dairy operation were calculated and is presented here under (hours/day)

Mina-minute equivalent on the basis of above table is computed as 225 per cooperative sector and 188 fer Non-cooperative sectors respectively the findings are this matching with our study.

Agrawal and Sharma (1983) Conducted a study on labour utilization pattern for dairying among season in village around Karnal. The analysis of study indicatd that dairy family labour and paid labour was utilized the time averaged 156 man-minute and 17 minute for the activity of milking. It was inferred through the study that female section of the society were up keep the higher labour input of their animals.

Singh (1986) The result showed that time was spent on different dairy activates on crossbred cattle i.e, 134.91Man-minutes followed by buffaloes (127.38 man-minutes) and local cattle (101.11 Man-minutes) Further the labour utilization pattern comprised of time spent in milking all feeding and all other miscellaneous operations in crossbred cattle it was observed to be 27.46MM (20.35%), 41.79MM (30.98%) and 65.66MM (48.67%) respectively. Among the buffaloes the respective contribution on these activities were 21.86MM (17.16%) 42.88MM (33.19%) and 63.24MM (49.65%). In case of local cattle the proportionate time was consumed in milking 16.30MM (16.12%), in feeding 33.73MM (33.26%) and all miscellaneous activates 51.08MM (50.52%)

Bhinda Rashmi et.al (2021) The findings showed that labour employed 14.05MM for milking operation 9.85MM for cleaning operation 10.06MM for feeding and 0.97MM for miscellaneous actives.

Primary data were collected from 240 milk producing entrepreneurs from different villages of  Moradabad district of western U.P. Covering all the dive tehsils and all the  blocks. The data so called were bifurcated on the bass of P.CDF Cooperative and Non PCDF (Non Cooperative) Primarily and categories were assigned on the basis of holding size in both the sectors. For the analysis of seasonal impact the data were collected thrice i.e, in all the three season namely from March to June (summer season), July to October (rainy season) and November to February (winter season) we observed that bigger the holding size bigger was the herd as per the standard Adult Unit's (SAUs) for the animals as under.

Buffalo in milk = 1 unit

Buffalo dry =0.4 unit

Local cow in milk = 0.7 unit

Local cow dry = 0.3 unit

Crossbred cow in milk = 1.4 unit

Crossbred Cow dry = 1.0 unit

Heifer = 0.5 unit

Young stock = 0.2 unit

 (Male & Female)

Draught dairy animal = 0.5 Unit

The weight assigned for the conversion of female and child labour into uniform man-equivalent the following formula was applied.

2 Males = 3 Females

1 Male = 1.5 Females

1 Male = 2 Children

All the Man-minute were calculated after the balancing of man powers converted deployed on the above Yard stick.

Dairying as a whole comprises the activity of cattle grazing, bringing grass & fodder, Chaffing, feeding, Milking, watering & bathing, cleaning of Cattle shed and last but not least miscellaneous. This study was conducted to analysis or investigate the impact of cooperative sectors over non cooperative sector just to reach the differential  and relative yield i.e, the final goal of all the activities combined. Activity wise as well as category wise and season wise analysis reveled the following results.

Cattle grazing In PCDF sector this activity was found to be performed by landless labourer category only, the time Consumed for the same came out to be 8.26MM, 12.17 MM and 9.72 MM per milch animal per day for summer, rainy, and winter season respectively. The overall for the category was calculated as 10.65MM and the relative percentage were 7.44, 7.12 and 6.01 for all the three seasons and 6.80% for all the three season collectively. The data reflected that more time for this activity is required during rainy season as  there is abundance of green grass etc during this season.

 Under non PCDF sector this activity is seen in respect of  the first to categories only. Basically landless labourers resort to cattle grazing and average time per milch stock per day was computed as 8.90MM. It was also observed that the categories of marginal former as shown in the table is also in the practice of cattle grazing during rainy season only and man-minute required for this activity came out to be 4.04 per milch animal per day in respect of this category. Overall average for the pool thus comes to 2.05 M.M only with equivalent relative percentage of 2.62 only.

If we go per the impact it was observed that time consumed in this activity is far higher in case of PCDF sector in comparison to non PCDF sector. Though all the five categories do not dependent on grazing yet we can infer that PCDF sector promote grazing for better yield as and when possible.

Bringing grass and fodder- Under PCDF sector the relative share of this activity was 21.43% for the sector as a whole and drastic variation was observed in the season wise figures the figures being 15,98%, during the summer season 21.04% during rainy season and 24.79% during the winter season. This signified that maximum time Consumed for this activity was during the winter season followed by the rainy season while the least in summer season, Categories wise relative percentage were observed that 25.83% 23.49%., 19.02% 17:32% and 14.77% for all the five categories respectively. The implication was that as the category size advances relative proportional of cost deteriorate marginally. It is all because of the maxim of collective higher utility.

Under non PCDF sector this activity was observed to consume 19.88% for the pool while relative percentages for all the five categories were 23.66%., 21.16%, 18.48%, 16.29% and 13.60% for all the five categories. It we compare on the basis of absolute Man-minute the table reflects that this activity is also requires more time in PCDF sector in comparison to non PCDF sector in respect of all the categories.

Chaffing - Under PCDF sector chaffing was observed to require 7.31MM, 19.93MM and 20.00MM for summer, rainy and winter season respectively. This drastic difference was observed for time Consumed in this activity during different seasons. This activity consumed 16 percent total time as a whole but the relative percentages for all the three seasons were 12.46%, 15.14% and 18.17%, for summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively, Categories figures as depicted in the table confirm the same trend that this activity takes the least time during the summer season as green grass and fodder are scares during the season. category wise figures were 18.22/12.32%, 20.37/16.61%, 15.92/16.81%, 12.24/17.92% and 11.98/20.41%, for all the five categories for all the three seasons combined.

Under Non PCDF sector time consumed for this activity was 11.47MM with relative percentage 14.64 for the pool, Seasonal variation revealed that only 5.84 MM were consumed during the summer season while 15.96MM during rainy season followed by 12.62MM during the winter seasons. Category wise relative percentages were 13.87 MM/11.33%, 13.92MM/14.44%, 12.45MM/16.47% 8.39 MM/16.65%, 8.73MM/18.62 for all the five categories. If we go for comparison it was observed that this activity also consumers slightly more time in PCDF sector in comparison to non-PCDF sector.

4. Feeding - Under PCDF sector it was observed that feeding activity consumes 10.35MM/10.51% for the pool, seasonal variation were recorded as 4.60MM/7.84% 13.45MM/10.63% 13.50MM/11.81% respectively for all the three season. The difference  being very major for the summer can be attributed to the fact that during summer season dry fodder is the major ingredient of feed so mixing and processing time are automatically curtailed , Category wise figure were 10.75MM/7.27%, 11.70MM/9.54%, 11.28MM/11.91%, 9.09MM/13.31% and 8.93MM/15.21% respectively.

Time assessed to be consumed for performing this activity under Non-PCPF sector was observed 7.39 MM with 9.43% relative percentage share for all the pool. Season wise figure were 3.45MM 6.86% 10.70MM/10.94% and 8.02MM/9.22%, for the summer rainy and winter season respectively category wise corresponding figure  were 8.01MM/6.54, 8.26MM/8.56%, 8.02MM 10.60%, 6.18MM/12.26%, and 6.48MM/13.82% for all the five categories with all the three season put together. Seasonal trend for different category also resemblances the same trend as for the pool. Again it was observed that feeding activity did also take more time in PCDF sector in comparison to Non PCDF sector while the seasonal impacts were common in both the sectors.

5. Milking Under PCDF Sector this activity was observed to consumed 17.41MM with 17.68 relative percentage for the pool season wise timings were 12.59 MM/21.46% 19.89MM 15.71%, 19.74MM/17.93%, for all the categories during summer, rainy and winter seasons. The difference of time spent in this activity is was directly proportional to the yield.

Under Non PCDF sector this activity was observed to consumed 14.68MM/18.74% for the pool. Season wise figures for the pool were 11.01MM/21.90%, 16.37MM/16.73%, and 16.65MM/19.15 respectively for summer, rainy and winter seasons. Category wise for all the three seasons put together were 16.91MM/13.81%, 16.20MM/16.80%, 15.90MM/21.03%, 12.56MM/24.92% and 11.83MM/25.22%. for all the five Categories. categories analysis proved that milking trends to consume lesser time as the holding size increased barring the first category. Season trend to for the category are similar to the trends for the pool but here too the first category is an exception. if we go for comparison this activity also take slightly more time under the PCDF sector in comparison to  Non-PCDF sector and i.e due to yield only that we are  going to discuss in the end.

6. Watering and bathing - This activity under PCDF sector was observed to consume 11.20MM/11.38% for the pool Category wise figures were 13.36MM/9.03%, 13.09MM/10.67% 12.30MM/12.99%, 8.74MM/12.79%, 8.52MM/14.51% Season wise figure were pool were 7.90MM/13.46%,15.25MM/12.05%, 10.46MM/9.50% for summer, rainy and winter  seasons.

Under non PCDF category time consumed for this activity was recorded 9.81MM/12.52% per milch animal per day for the pool season wise figure were 7.88MM/15.67% 11.92/12.19% and 9.64MM/11.09% respectively for summer, rainy and winter season category figure were 13.06MM/10.67MM, 11.82MM/12.26%, 9.92MM/13.12%, 7.17MM/14.23% and 7.10MM/15.14 for all the fine category with al the three season put together. Implying that time for this activity decrease with the advancement of the holding size.

If we go for comparison this activity consumed 11.20MM for the pool in case of PCDF members while the time recorded  for non PCDF category was 9.81MM only showing slight higher side in PCDF sector here also. 

7. Cleaning of cattle shed - This activity was observed to consume 13.68 MM/13.90% under PCDF sector for the pool. Category wise figures were 25.67 MM/17.36%, 18.63MM/15.19%, 11.88MM/12.55%, 7.32MM/10.72%, 4.88MM/8.32%, for all the five categories. season wise figures for all categories were 10.80MM/18.41%, 18.51MM/14.62%, 11.72MM/10.65% for summer, rainy, and winter season respectively seasonal variance proved that this activity required for maximum time during rainy season.

Under Non PCDF sector this activity was observed to consume 12.12 MM/15.47%, for the pool season wise figure  were 11.32 MM/22.52%, 13.99 MM/14.30%, and 11.03MM/12.69% seasonal variance here too shows that maximum time required for this activity was during rainy season. Category wise figure for all the three season put together were 23.73MM/19.38, 16.37MM/16.98%, 10.17MM/13.45, 5.97MM/11.84% and 4.33MM/9.23% for all the five Categories. The trend proved that this activity trends to take lesser time with the advancement of holding size.

If we go for comparison we conclude that this activity also consumes more time in PCDF sector in comparison to Non-PCDF. While the trend in respect of the decrease with holding size is common to both the sector.

8. Miscellaneous operations- Under PCDF sector these operation were recorded to consume 6.95MM/7.06%, for the pool. Category wise averages for the same were 13.97 MM/9.45%, 9.07 MM/7.39%, 7.61MM/8.03%, 3.02MM/ 4.41%, 1.11MM/1.89% for all the five categories.

Under Non PCDF sector these activity were observed to consume 5.25MM/6.70% for the pool. Season wise corresponding figures were 3.54 MM/7.04% 6.39MM/6.53% and 5.81MM/6.68% for summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively. Category wise figures were 8.98MM/7.34%, 8.10MM/8.40%, 5.18MM/6.85%, 1.92MM/3.81% and 2.05MM/4.37% for all the five Categories with all the three season put together. The trends observed was that time spent in the activity decreased very drastically with the holding size. If we go from comparison it is revealed that this activity are also takes more time under PCDF sector in comparison to Non PCDF sector.

The comparative activity wise and sector wise study as above revealed that all the activities but together consumed total 98.45MM per milch animal per day in PCDF sector while the corresponding figures were only 78.35MM  in case of non PCDF sector still we recommend to opt PCDF sector in preference to non PCDF sector due to enhancement of yield and resultant return through better care and availing cooperative community facilities at large. We shall be now discussing yield as per separate table being enclosed here with.*

Overall yield in case of buffalo milk under PCDF sector was recorded 5.82 litre per milch animal  per day corresponding figures for non cooperative sector were 4.97 litre only showing clearly that yield is far better in cooperative sector. If we analysis seasonal impact the lowest yield could be procured during the summer season followed by the rainy season and then winter season in both the sector and all the categories as well. Category wise figures virtually confirmed the same trend as reflected by the figures for the species of local cows. Overall averages for cooperative sector and non cooperative sector were recorded 3.36 litre and 3.51 litre per mich animal per day respectively. This signifies  that for this species yield in respect of non-cooperative sector is slightly higher. The above features was prevalent the all the categories barring category of medium farmers, As far as seasonal impact was concerned the lowest yield was during the summer season while the highest during the rainy season in respect of all the Categories for cooperative sector. In case of non cooperative sector maximum yield reflected during the rainy season in respect of three categories excepting the marginal farmers and small farmer category for which it was recorded in winter season. Thus the analysis dictates that the species of local cows may not be deemed economically viable in case of opting for cooperative sector due to low productivity and high maintenance requirements.

The third part of table in respect of crossbred cow's the overall figures for which were 9.23 litre for the  co-operative sector and 7.54 litre for non-cooperative sectors Thus showing vary drastic difference. Seasonal trend observed for this species was that yield per milch animal per day was maximum during the winter season under both the sector and categories trend under both the sector confirmed the same observations

1. Agrawal S.B and Sharma K.N.S. (1983) Labour utilization pattern for dairying in different season Asian J.Dairy sc.2(4):205-208.

2. Bhinda Rashmi, Jat R.P, Acchra Sushila, Jat Jeevan Ram and Jat Ganesh Ram (2021) Man power utilization in management of different groups of cattle  under various operations of dairy farm J. Krishi Vigyan 2021, 9(2): 124-128.

3. Kashish Kaur, Manjeet, Sekhon M.K and Dhawan Vikarant (2017) Impact of dairying on income and income distribution of small holder dairy farmers in Punjab. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 70(6):781-788 (2017)

4. Kumari Binita and Malhotra Ravinder (2016) Impact of women Dairy Cooperative Societies on Income and Employment of women in   Begusari District of Bihar, Agricultural Economics Research Review vol. 29(No2) July Dec. 2016 pp.313-318.

5. Singh J.R. (1986)- Comparative economics of local cattle crossbred cattle and buffaloes in karnal. M.ScThesis unpublished Div. of Dairy Econ. State & Mgs. NDRI Karnal.

6. Singh Rishi Kanta K.H. and Chauhan A.K (2014) impact of dairy cooperative on income and employment in rural Meghalaya Indian J.Dairy Sci. 68(2) 2015 pp 173 -179.

7. Kashish Kaur M, Sekhon M.K, Dhawan V. (2016) Economics analysis of milk production among small holder dairy farmer in Punjab. A case study of Amritsar district-Indian J. Econ. and Dev . 12(2) 335-340.