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Oranges are the most widely used citrus fruit for its nutritional and medicinal values. An orange is a fruit comes under citrus genus in the family Rutaceae and it primarily refers to Citrus sinesis, which is also called sweet orange. It is originated from tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The fruits are botanically classified as berries and could be termed as a hesperidium. Citrus fruits have rough, robust and bright (green to yellow) coloured skin. They are usually 4 to 30 cm long and 4 to 20 cm in diameter, with a leathery surrounding rind or skin known as epicarp (or flavedo) that covers the fruits and protects it from damages (Oby and Chinonyerem, 2019). India produces around 25 lakh tonnes of orange every year. Consumption of orange fruits generates orange peel wastes which are rich in nutrients and contain many phytochemicals which are useful in making drugs and food items (Gotmare and Gade, 2018).

Processing of orange peels into potential resource helps in indirect waste management which ultimately promotes a safer and healthier environment. Report shows that essential oils of some citrus species have insecticidal properties against insect pests (Badawy, 2015). Limonene's 1% mixture was used to control mealybugs and scale insects and safe for most plants in this proportion. 69 to 100% of mealybugs and scale Insects are controlled by full strength mixture (Zewde and Jembere, 2010). Orange peel contains many phytochemicals like vitamins, flavonoids, lignin's, carotenoids, saponin, plant sterol and terpenoids which shows antioxidant property. Ascorbic acid, flavonoids are the main compounds in citrus peel which are good for human health. The flavonoids in orange peel species are of mainly three types - Eriocitrin, Narirutin, Hesperidin and Naringin. Citrus peel also contains 1.5% phyto constituent essential oil, vitamin-C, D- limonene, lemon oil & pectins (Parmar et al., 2020).

Orange fruit contains flavonoids, alkaloids, limonoids group and coumarins while synephrine, flavonones, auraptene and limonin are the most dominant bioactive component (Parmar et al., 2020). Orange peel oil have toxicity towards weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus and Culex pipiens. Fumigation activity was also reported against fleas and household insects like Musca domestica, Blatella germanica, fleas and Sitophilus oryzae (Zewde and Jembere, 2010). Valuable compounds are present in the byproduct after the processing of citrus fruits. Oranges singly contributes to > 60% of the citrus fruit production in the world. Most flavours of commercial values are found in the genus citrus and the subgenus Eucitrus (Baker et al., 2022). Cow pea treated with the powder of orange peels is associated with LD50 of 4% (w/w) for Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) exposed to it (Don Pedro, 1985).

1. Methods of Orange Peel Extract Synthesis

1.1. Preparation of Powder

The fresh oranges were washed with tap water The peel were separated and cut into small pieces followed by shade or sun drying for 92 hrs or in oven for a period of 6-7 days at a temperature of 30°C. Dried peels were ground to make coarse powder by using pestle and mortar and stored in zip lock bags or in air tight bottels for future use. [Gotmare and Grade, 2018, Arora and Kaur 2013, Baker et al 2022, Oboh et al. 2017].

Fresh orange peel (flavedo) were dried in two different ways. One part was shade dried at 30-33°C for 7 days and then ground to fine powder while other part was grounded immediately after peeling the oranges by using mortar and pestle (oikeh et al 2020). Fine powder of orange peel is obtained by using electric blender. Then the powder was dried at 40°C temperature for 24 hr in an oven (Abdelazem et al., 2021). Orange peels was air dried under room temperature for 14 days (Gariba et al., 2021). Orange peel pieces were air dried for 21-28 days and then grounded into fine powder by using electic grinder (Ojebode et al., 2016).

1.2. Preparation of Aqueous Extract

Orange peel powder were soaked in distilled water under shaking condition at room temperature for 24 hr. The obtained extract was then filtered by using Whatman filter paper No. 1 then concentrated to dryness with the help of water bath at 70°C. Extract was kept at 4° C in glass vials for future use (Arora and Kaur 2013). The filtered extract and water bath were used for concentrating the orange peel extract. Waterbath maintained at 75° C constantly (Gotmare and Gade, 2018).

Orange peel powder mixed with water then mixture were heated at 60°C for 45 minutes under water bath then the mixture was filtered by using Whatman filter paper overnight. Obtained filtrate was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 20 min. Then the collected supernatant was stored at 4°C in Falcon tube for future use (Ahamed et al., 2017). Dried rind and aril of orange peel were soaked in distilled water separately for 24 hours followed by filtration (Abdelazem et al., 2021).

1.3. Preparation of Solvent Extract

Fresh orange peels was chopped with a knife and soaked in acetone, distilled water, petroleum ether and ethanol at different rates. After 24 hours the mixture were filtered with cheese cloth and by using Whatman No. 9 filter paper (Zewede and Jembere, 2010). Powdered orange peel was taken and added to 80% ethanol. Then the mixture was kept for 72 hours at room temperature under the shaking condition by using rotatory shaker. Then the mixture was filtered by using Whatman filter paper & the filtrate was evaporated at 55° C in evaporator. After that collected concentrates after complete evaporation was used to make 1% solution by using 0.9% NaCl solution and kept at 4°C for future use (Ahamed et al., 2017).

Orange peel powder were treated with 90% ethanol for 24 hrs at room temperature (Chayengia et al., 2010). Orange peel powder were added into 100% methanol. The mixture were covered with Para film and kept for 48 hr in a shaker. The solution was filtered and concentrated at 60°C by using rotary evaporator after which residues were dissolved in acetone. The final solution kept in a refrigerator (Gariba et al., 2021). Orange peel powder were soaked in n-hexane on Magnetic stirrer. The extracts. were filtered by using filter paper & muslin cloth after 72 hr. The filtrates were concentrated and then drying in an oven at 4°C and 600 mm Hg for solvent reduction. (Ojebode et al., 2016). Dried rind and aril of orange peel were soaked in chloroform and ether separately for 24 hrs after that filtered the mixture. (Abdelazem et al., 2021).

1.4. Soxhlet Extraction

Soxhlet extraction method were used when the solubility of desired compound is limited in solvent and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent It recycles a very. small amount of solvent efficiently by dissolving a larger amount of material. (Oby and Chinonyerem, 2019). The orange peel powder will be extracted with different solvents: hexane, methanol, acetone by Soxhlet Extractor. Orange peel powder used for extraction with solvent (hexane / methanol / acetone) at 50°C for 5 hrs by Soxhlet extraction method. After the extraction the extract filtered through a Whatman No. 2 filter paper for removal of any peel particles present in extract. The filtered extract then evaporated to dryness under vaccum at 60°C by a rotary evaporator. The extracts will be stored in refrigerator at 4°C for further use. (Gotmare and Gade, 2018).

Dry the orange peel at 41°C in an oven for 48 hrs. Dried peel converted to fine powder. Add ethanol, methanol for 6 hrs at room temperature by soxhlet method. For complete extraction the residues was re-extracted 2-3 times. The solution was filtered and the extract was evaporated at low pressure at 60° C by using rotary evaporator (Parmar et al.,2020).

1.5. Extraction of Essential oil from orange peels

Essential oils from orange peels can be obtained by various methodsHydrodistillation involves the heating a mixture of water or other solvent and orange peel to obtain essential oil by evaporation followed by liquefaction of the vapours in condenser. Steam distillation uses the steam which is percolating the orange peels to obtain the essential oil. Cold Pressing method involves oil separation by pressing method at low temperature and pressure. Nowadays, for extraction of essential oil many innovative techniques are used that is safer, efficient and energy saving.

i. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)

ii. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE)

iii. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

iv. Accelerated Solvent extraction (ASE) (Oby and Chinonyerem, 2019)

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