Assistant Professor

Psychology Department

Digambar Jain College

Baraut  Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, India 

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of sex and urban-rural areas on anxiety among Sport Students. 60 subjects were selected as sample, out of which 30 urban and 30 rural. In each group of 30 subjects 15 were male and 15 were female. Subjects who were students of degree and postgraduate slasses were selected from colleges of District Meerut and Baghpat. "Sinha comprehensive anxiety test" was administered on each subject to measure anxiety level. A 2x2 factorial design was used to find out the effect of sex and urban-rural areas. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results indicate that there is a significant difference on anxiety level of male and female sport students. Female sports students scored higher than male sports students. The second factor of the study i.e. urban-rural areas produced significant effect, which reflect that the sports students of rural area have higher anxiety level than the sports students of urban areas. The interaction between these to variables was also found to be significant to both the levels.

Introduction

Anxiety disorder is one of the most prevalent categories of psychopathology that can affect people of all ages. An anxiety disorder is a mental health problem in contemporary society. The anxiety disorders are a group of mental disturbances characterized by anxiety as a central or core symptom. These disorders are most common type of mental health disorders in children affecting as many as ten percent of young people. All children experience some anxiety, this is normal and expected. For example when we left alone at preschool for the first time, many children will show distress, a young child with his or her room a may develop fear of the dark. Such anxiety becomes a problem when it interrupts a child's normal activities, like attending school and making friends or sleeping. Persistent and intense anxiety that disrupts daily routine is a mental health problem that requires intervention.

The revisions of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (DSM) that took place after 1980 brought major changes in the classification of the anxiety disorders. Prior to 1980, psychiatrists classified patients on the basis of theory of causality that defined anxiety as the outcome of unconscious conflicts in the patients mind. DSM-III (1980), DSM-III-R (1987) and DSM-IV (1994) introduced and redefined a new classification that took into consideration recent discoveries about the bio-chemical and post traumatic origins of some types of anxiety. The present definitions are based on the external and reported symptoms patterns of the disorders rather than on theories about their origins.

The present study was undertaken to find out the effect of sex and urban-rural areas on anxiety among Sports Students. 60 subjects were selected as sample, out of which 30 urban and 30 rural. In each group of 30 subjects 15 were male and 15 were female. Subjects who were students of degree and postgraduate slasses were selected from colleges of District Meerut and Baghpat. "Sinha comprehensive anxiety test" was administrated on each subject to measure anxiety level. A 2x2 factorial design was used to find out the effect of sex and urban-rural areas. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results indicate that there is a significant difference on anxiety level of male and female sport students. Female sports students scored higher than male sports students. The second factor of the study i.e. urban-rural areas produced significant effect, which reflect that the sports students of rural area have higher anxiety level that the sports students of urban areas. The interaction between these too variables was also found to be significant at both the levels.

The Concept of Anxiety :

Theorist has depicted the nature and anxiety according to their own vision of the phenomena. The definitions of the concept are based on observation on introspective report by subject normal and pathological. Some definition has only a conceptual basis while other are rooted in the physiological or behavioural change observed in an experimental situation.

There are two types of definition of Anxiety;

1. Stimulus oriented Definition: Definitions emphasize the example situation are internal thought that arouse Anxiety.

2. Response Oriented Definition : Definitions emphasize the nature and types of responses that constitute the Anxiety reaction.

Some Common Definitions of Anxiety :

A.P.A. (1952): Defines it a perceived by the conscious portion of the personality. It is produced by the conscious portion of the personality of the personality. It is produced by a threat from with in the personality or without stimulus from external situations.

Freud (1933) : Also conceptualized fear and anxiety as a universally experienced, unpleasant emotional (affective) state. Anxiety was distinguishable from other emotions such as anger or depression by a unique combination of phenomenological and physiological qualities that gave it a special "character of unpleasure".

Common Anxiety Symptoms and Self-Descriptions Indicative of High Anxiety:

Symptoms :

Nervousness, jitteriness, Tension, Feeling tired, Dizziness, Frequency of Urination, Heart Palpitations, Feeling Faint, Breathlessness. Sweating, Trembling, Worry and apprehension, sleeplessness, Difficulty in concentrating, Vigilance.

Self-Descriptions :

1. I am often bothered by the thumping of my heart.

2. Little annoyances get on my nervous and irritate me.

3. I often suddenly become scared for no good reason.

4. I worry continuously and that gets me down.

5. I frequently get spells of complete exhaustion and fatigue.

6. It is always hard for me to make up my mind.

7. I always seem to be dreading something.

8. I feel nervous and high-strung all the time.

9.  I often feel I can't come my difficulties.

10. I feel constantly under strain.

Anxiety Disorder :

1.  Generalized Anxiety Disorder : Motor tension, Autonomic reactivity, Apprehensive feelings about the future, Hyper vigilance

2. Panic – Disorder :

3. Phobias : Simple Phobias, Social-Phobia, Agoraphobia,

4. Obsessive – Compulsive Disorder

Interpreting and Treating Anxiety-Disorder :

The Psychodynamic perspective

The Behavioral perspective:

The Cognitive perspective:     

The Biological perspective:

Methodology :

Problems :

The following three problems have been selected in the present study.

1. To study the effect of Gender on Anxiety among sports students.

2. To study the effect of Urban-Rural areas on Anxiety students.

3.  To study the interaction effect between gender and urban-rural areas.

Hypothesis :

Three hypotheses have been formulated.

1.  There will be no significant difference in the scores of anxiety of male and female.

2. There will be no significant difference in the scores of anxiety of the urban-rural sports students.

3.  There will be no significant interaction effect between gender and urban-rural areas.

Variables :

Independent Variable :       1. Gender

2. Urban-rural areas

Dependent Variable :         Anxiety

Experimental Design :

A 2x2 factorial design have been used in this study. The first I.V. gender of the subject is varied at two levels i.e. male and female. The second I.V. urban-rural areas.

Sample Selection :

In the present study total 60 subjects are selected in which 30 subjects comes in urban area (15 male & 15 female) and 30 subjects come urban rural areas (15 male & 15 female).

Measuring Tools :

Anxiety constructed by A.K.P. Sinha and L.N.K. Sinha has been used to measure the score of Anxiety.

Instructions :

The following instructions were given to the subjects. This is the anxiety measurement scale which consists of 90 statements. Every item has its two alternatives ["YES' or "NO"]. You have to read out the item carefully and tick mark on any alterative of item. You kindly fill up all the items.

Scoring Procedure :

The inventory have been scored accurately by hand and no scoring key or stencil is provided so far. For any response indicated as 'Yes', the tested have been awarded the score of one, and zero for 'No'. The sum of all the positive or you responses would be the total anxiety score of the individual.

Analysis of Data :

Two way analysis of variance has been used to analyze the data in the present study.

Results and Discussion :

The whole data are calculated from 50 subjects. After that the scoring is done and data are arranged in to tabular from. The two way analysis of variance was wed to find out the significant effects of independent variables on Anxiety. The summary of analysis of variance is given in following table.  

Table

Summary of Analysis of Variance

Source of Variance	SS	df	MS	f
A-Gender	1269.6	1	1269.6	9.99**
B-Urban-Rural Areas	4067.266	1	4067.266	32.01**
AB-[Gen.+Urban-Rural Areas]	1214.999	1	1214.999	9.56**
Error	7113.535	56	127.02741
Total	13665.4	59

Denotes at .01 and .05 level confidence.

Summary of the Table:

Close look at the table of analysis of variance clearly indicates that the first independent variable-Gender of the subjects has been found to be significant at both level .05 and .01 level of confidence, as the calculated value 9.99 exceeds the value given in the table. Thus, the null hypothesis that these will be no significant different in the scores of anxiety of male and female is rejected. The leads us to conclude that the Gender factor affect Anxiety among sports and non-sports persons. The scores show that the female sport students obtained higher anxiety scores than male sport students. This leads us to conclude that female sport students show higher anxiety than male sport students. Thus, we can say that Gender is influential factor in determining anxiety among sports students.

An inspection of summary of analysis of variance apparently reveals the fact that second independent variable i.e. Urban-Rural Areas of the subjects has been found to be significant at both the level .05 and .01 level of confidence, thus the null hypothesis that there will be no significant difference in the score of anxiety of the urban-rural sports students is rejected. The second factor of the study i.e. urban-rural produced a significant effect, which reflect that sport students of rural areas have high anxiety level in comparative to urban sport students. This leads us to conclude that urban-rural area affect anxiety among sports students.

Summary of analysis of variance reveals that interaction between Gender and Urban-Rural Areas has also been found significant. As the calculated value 9.56 exceeds the given value in the table. This means that both these factors are interacting with each in a significant manner. It may also be said that Gender and Urban-Rural Areas of both these variables are dependent on each other.

Conclusion :

1. Gender of the sports students has yielded significance value. It means that Gender is influential in determining anxiety among sports students. More specifically Gender of the subjects is significant variable in this study.      

2. Urban-Rural Areas of the sports students has been found to be signification variables in the study. In other words. Urban-Rural Areas is effective factor in determine anxiety among sports students.

3. Also, Interaction between Gender and Urban-Rural Areas of the sports students have been found to be significant variable in this study.  

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