Abstract
Religion
is an essential social and cultural element in Indian society, which bases a
person's life. Under religion, different sections and communities have followed
their religious principles. However, over time, the tribes have faced religious
changes. It has also been seen many times that tribes demanding social justice
and equality in society reform their religion. They adopt new spiritual
principles, which can help reach equality and justice in society. Change of
religion impacts society in different ways. It can increase the unity and
harmony in society, but sometimes, it can also increase spiritual and cultural
diversity. In these changing times, we must remember that religious conversion
is based on an individual's personal and social contexts and may reflect the
individual's self-determined power. Religious freedom and self-reliance play an
essential role in this.
Introduction- Tribal religions,
often called tribal religions, are a rich and diverse area of religious,
cultural, and social expression followed by the various tribal communities of
India. It has multiple traditions, customs, and religious rituals that honor
its local culture, history, and characteristics. Religion is such an essential
and unique subject that plays a vital role in determining human society's
cultural, spiritual, and moral values. Religion plays a guiding role in an
individual's life and binds society together. Religion in India is essential
not only from a religious point of view but also from a social structure that
holds different communities together and binds them into cultural unity.
Maintaining social cohesion, collective progress, and a spirit of tolerance
through religion is an essential challenge for Indian society. Many
religion-related laws in India attempt to secure the rights and duties of
different religious communities.
Literature
Overview
Meaning
of Dharma- Dharma
means path or way. It helps support the individual in his duties and
responsibilities and guides him toward social prosperity. Religion supports a person's
humanity, morality, and spiritual progress.
Main
bases of religion-
A.
Spiritual approach-
Religion gives importance to spiritual relations and guides the individual in
search of the highest soul.
B.
Morality and Generosity- Religion promotes values of morality, generosity, and
sympathy, which help maintain virtue and truth in society.
C.
Social Justice and Equality- Religion is vital in promoting social justice and
equality, which leads to prosperity.
D.
Duty and Religion-
Religion inspires a person to support his duties and motivate him to take
proper action.
Social
impact of religion-
a)
Prosperity and Unity-
Religion gives life to the feeling of prosperity and unity and makes different
communities experience a common culture and sustainable society.
b)
Heritage and cultural preservation- Religion promotes the spirit of heritage
and cultural conservation and brings together communities committed to
prosperity.
Religion
is an essential and unique foundation of human society which inspires the
individual towards the highest humanity. It guides virtue, morality, and social
prosperity and causes society to be maintained in a harmonious and integrated
form.
Status
of religion in India-
India
is a unique country where religiosity and religious diversity are pervasive. It
symbolizes a rich confluence of different religions, cultures, and sects. In
this essay, we will consider the status of religion in India and know its
essential aspects.
•
Indian religious composition – Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism,
Islam, and other religions coexist in India. Here, people of different
communities live together and maintain cultural relations with each other
through this religious prosperity.
•
Impact of religion on a person- In Indian society, religion is an essential
factor influencing a person's life. It motivates the individual to follow the
values of morality, honesty, and social responsibility. A person performs his
duties per his religion's teachings and becomes a living and responsible member
of society.
•
Social impact of religion- Religion in India helps maintain a cordial,
harmonious, and cultural environment. It strengthens social bonds and allows
people of different communities to live in harmony with each other.
•
Religion and Politics-
Religion plays a vital role in Indian politics. The presence of religion in
social and political policies maintains a feeling of harmony and unity in
society.
Religiosity
is essential in Indian society, which has various castes and communities. Each
tribe follows its religious principles and practices, constituting its cultural
identity. However, with time, many tribes are facing religious changes. There
can be many reasons for this.
1.
Education and awareness- With the increasing level of education and awareness,
people's thinking is changing. Educated tribes are getting ready to move
forward with new ideas and religiosity.
2.
Social change-
Due to social and economic change, the financial status of people is changing,
and they are accepting new social values and religious principles.
3.
Demand for equality in society- Many tribes are demanding equality and
trying to reform their religious principles in this direction.
4.
Economic changes –
Economic struggles and changing employment prospects may lead people to accept
new religious principles.
5.
Demand for social justice- Due to the demand for social justice and equality among
the tribes, they are trying to make their religious principles modern and more
acceptable.
6.
Physical and spiritual terrorism- At some times, people are also shifting
their religion due to physical and spiritual terrorism. This may lead them to
new religious principles and thinking.
For
these reasons, it is essential to understand and review the conversion of
tribes. It shows how society changes and how people are ready to reconcile
their religious principles with society's needs.
Social
changes due to the adoption of Christianity by tribes
When
the tribal people who have adopted Christianity were asked why they have
adopted Christianity or their family members then, what they told in brief is
as follows -
a)
social unity and participation in society – Christianity inspires social harmony,
justice, and participation. This can work hard to make tribes participate in a
more significant societal role and help reduce social inequality.
b)
Education and awareness: Christian missionaries and organizations spread
education and awareness among the tribes. This can help people become aware of
various social issues and give them a positive attitude towards social change.
c)
Spirit of service-
Christian religion considers the spirit of service and kindness necessary. It
inspires its followers to reciprocate by helping others and serving society,
which can lead to positive societal change.
d)
Education and economic improvement- Christian culture considers education
important and does not encourage higher education and study. This gives the
tribes an opportunity to become more educated, which can lead to economic
improvement in the society.
e)
Effect of social change- Reduction of social inequality- Due to the reduction of
social inequality among the followers of Christianity, more and more people can
be assimilated into society.
f)
Educated and empowered citizens- After receiving education through the
Christian religion, the members of the tribes can become empowered and aware
citizens.
g)
Motivation of social service- Inspired by the service spirit of the
Christian religion, the members of the tribes can contribute to the service to
society, which can lead to positive change.
h)
Cultural interaction-
By introducing various cultural interactions among the followers of Christianity,
social unity can increase and lead to prosperity.
i)
Change in social relations- Adopting Christianity can also lead to change in social
relations. Due to religious conversion, people may become associated with new
social groups and relationships, leading to increased social participation.
Thus,
many aspects of social change are possible due to the adoption of Christianity
by the tribes. It can be positively helpful in improving society through social
integration, education, and social service and lead the tribes towards
prosperity.
The
adoption of Christianity and Islam by the tribes had an impact on their
original worship methods.
Different
tribes in India are famous for their unique cultural and religious traditions.
However, religious conversion has been experienced among these tribes for some
time, and some tribes have adopted Christianity and Islam. Due to this change,
their original worship practices are also affected.
Original
worship systems of tribes- The original worship systems of tribes reflect their
local cultural and religious traditions. There is a feeling of wonder, nature
worship, and collective participation in society in these various forms of
prayer. Special puja rituals to address multiple aspects of life are essential
to their daily routine.
Impact
on their worship practices
A.
Change in devotion to God- After adopting Christianity and Islam, there may be a
change in the faith in God of the tribes. They can now worship God according to
the methods of Christian worship and Islam.
B.
Amazingness of nature worship- Due to the advent of Christianity and Islam,
nature worship may decrease. The sympathy and service towards nature in
Christian worship and Islam may be at odds with the worship practices of the
tribes.
C.
Change in religious relations – By joining with the followers of
Christianity and Islam, there can be a change in the spiritual ties between the
tribes. Due to religious conversion, they can now become members of the
Christian community and the religion of Islam and its social and cultural
dimensions.
There
are many books written on the subject of tribal religion that provide an
opportunity to think about and understand the subject. Some books are based on
tribal religion, culture, and socio-cultural aspects, presenting their views on
the place of tribes in Indian society and religious changes. An attempt has
been made to explain the social and religious movements of the tribals. A
detailed picture of the spiritual and social dimensions of tribal communities
has been presented. To explain tribal religions, their historical and cultural
contexts have been analyzed in detail. Provides a detailed picture of the
relationship between the religious experiences and literature of tribal
communities. Includes detailed information about the religion, culture, and
social changes of Indian tribal communities. They have presented their views to
explain the religious and social aspects of tribal communities. Efforts have
been made to explain tribal religions as a civilization and to publicize their
importance. These books can help in understanding the religion, culture, and
society of tribal communities.
Keywords-
tribe, religion, religious conversion.
Objective
of the study. Study on tribal religious conversion. 2. Present status of tribal
religion.
Method:
The study used secondary data, unstructured interviews, and observation.
Features
of tribal religion
•
Power of Prosperity –
Prosperity, nature, and the power of self-transcendence are considered
necessary in tribal religions. In these, trees, animals, rivers, etc., are
worshipped.
•
People's life and tribal society - Tribal religion is present in all aspects of
society and contains principles that help in lifestyle, behavior, social
structure, and formation of social relations.
•
Traditional worship –
In tribal religions, local deities and powers are worshiped and venerated. In
these, traditional customs travels, and festivals are given importance.
•
Uniqueness and diversity- Tribal religion encourages diversity and uniqueness.
Different deities and values are worshiped in other communities.
•
Natural religiosity-
Natural conservation and well-being are essential in tribal religion. There is
talk about protection and proper use of natural resources. Tribal religion is
vital to maintaining local prosperity, culture, and society and reflects their
unique identity.
Natural
religiosity is an approach that promotes the relationship between religion and
naturalism (natural resources, the natural environment, and natural
protection). It attempts to maintain a relationship with humans and natural
resources, and its main objective is to maintain balance, make proper use of
natural resources, and protect the natural environment.
Based
on some of the core principles and values of natural righteousness
•
Support of natural resources- In genuine religion, using natural resources
correctly and appropriately is essential. It supports conservation without
harming natural resources.
•
Protection of the natural environment- In genuine religiosity, protection of the
natural environment is promoted, and efforts are made to make concerned
organizations and individuals aware to maintain it.
•
Balance of life-
In natural religiosity, an attempt is made to balance human life and nature to
maintain the proper relationship between the individual and natural resources.
•
Social Justice-
Social justice is essential in natural religiosity, which leads to harmony in
society and adherence to human values.
•
Self-upliftment and prosperity- In natural religiosity, work is done towards
self-upliftment and prosperity. In this, prosperity is promoted at the social,
economic, and environmental levels.
•
The main objective of natural righteousness is to balance the individual and
natural resources, thereby maintaining the values of prosperity, justice, and
harmony.
1.
Role of education in religious conversion of tribes-
Effect
of education-
I.
Changing stream of thought- Educating the tribes brings about a change in their
thinking. They gain the ability to think, understand, and question, allowing
them to form new perspectives on their religion.
II.
Self-reliance-
Education makes the tribes self-reliant. Educated tribes are more intelligent,
intellectual, and autonomous, which allows them to make their religious
principles acceptable in society.
III.
Social reforms-
Through education, the tribes can understand the importance of harmony and
social justice. This can lead to steps towards social reform and unity.
IV.
Preservation of religious culture- Educated tribes can support their religious
culture and traditions and enable them to carry forward.
V.
Religious conversion through education- Through education, tribes can understand
their religion and social progress.
VI.
Inspiration for social equality – Education makes the tribes understand the
importance of social equality and justice and motivates them towards this.
VII.
Development and Prosperity- Through education, tribes acquire the skills and
knowledge necessary for prosperity and development, helping them move towards
self-reliance.
Thus,
education is vital in making the tribes accept their religious principles in
society. It can help change society towards social justice, equality, and
tolerance, thereby increasing the feeling of prosperity and harmony.
A
look at the laws related to the religious conversion of tribes - In Indian
society, there are challenges from legal aspects in front of the religious
conversion of tribes and the problems arising from it. There is a need to
understand the circumstances in litigation, constitution, and social justice
that are most important for the conversion of tribes.
1.
Constitution and religious freedom – The Indian Constitution has strictly
supported religious freedom, in which every person has the right to change his
religion and devotion. The Indian legal system is designed to comply with this.
2.
Social justice and security - Many times, special provisions have been
made in the legal process to determine the status of people who convert to
religion and to protect them.
3.
Resolution of religious disputes – Law can also help resolve and protect
religious freedom.
4.
Right to personal freedom – The Constitution has given the right to individual
liberty, of which religious conversion is also a part. A legal structure has
been created to practice this.
5.
Protection against religious objections – Law can help provide safeguards
against religious objections and barriers so that people can exercise their
rights without religious restrictions.
Conclusion
of tribal religious conversion-
The
conclusion of tribal religious conversion is compassionate and shows a positive
or negative attitude toward social changes. It is the result of a deep and
rational thought, which helps in understanding the process of religious
transformation of tribal communities. The following elements may be part of
this conclusion.
•
Social and cultural changes- Tribal religion has become a harmonious part of social
and cultural changes along with changes. This change creates new relationships
in their communities by combining new and old cultural values.
•
Social organizations-
The effect of tribal religious conversion is also visible in social
organizations. It tries to organize communities in new forms, allowing them to
move forward, keeping in mind their needs.
•
Education and sensitization – Religious change has helped promote
education and sensitization in tribal communities. People are now becoming more
educated and aware of their rights and duties.
•
Environmental protection- Tribal religious conversion has inspired the correct and
sustainable use of natural resources. This encourages them to remain conscious
of the safety of their environment.
•
Self-reliance and support- Tribal religious conversion has helped them move towards
becoming self-reliant. This encourages communities to provide support at
various levels.
•
Thus, tribal religious conversion allows them to move towards prosperity and
harmony in social, cultural, and economic terms. If we take a look at the other
aspect, we find that the community that used to live in extreme freedom
suddenly finds itself in bondage; it becomes very complicated to accept the
culture and tradition due to changes in new cultural and social values, many
times people Caste behavior does not take into account geography and
circumstances, as a result of which the tribal community finds itself in a new
struggle, the same social organizations into which the tribal communities are
inserted after religious conversion are not necessarily They should readily
accept the tribal people, because those organizations have their own rules and
traditions in which there are their arrangements of being high and low, small
or big. Regarding education and sensitivity, the community can learn to enjoy
their rights and be aware of their duties even without converting to religion.
It has been observed among the general public that the tribal communities who
have adopted religions that have faith in nature are more comfortable, at least
on the issue of nature conservation. Still, such beliefs are not seen as
practical in nature conservation. Castes feel uncomfortable there. Because
their connection with nature is natural. While it seems to be a humorous
statement that self-reliance comes after religious conversion. In contrast,
other factors work behind self-reliance; it has been seen that people who
convert to religion are provided with various kinds of help, which is their progress.
Even if such assistance is given without religious conversion, they are still
seen making progress. Without detailed study, actual situation study, tribal,
social, cultural, and mutual study, it would be premature to say that one gets
prosperity or path after religious conversion from a social, cultural, and
economic point of view. In this way, subjects are considered sensitive; unless
opportunities are provided to research them, they cannot reveal the actual
situations.
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Magazine
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2. शर्मा, शै. (2018). लोकसाहित्य एवं संस्कृति. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 105, नवंबर 2017-फरवरी 2018, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 25-30.
3. शर्मा, गु. (2018). लोक परंपराओं का भविष्य. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 105, नवंबर 2017-फरवरी 2018, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 31, 33.
4. शुक्ल, प. (2018). लोक कथा साहित्य. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 105, नवंबर 2017-फरवरी 2018, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 95-100.
5. मिश्रा, अं. (2018). पारंपरिक संस्कृति का बदलता स्वरूप. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 105, नवंबर 2017-फरवरी 2018,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 111,112.
6. भानावत, क. (2018). आदिम गाजो बाजो का लोक. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 105, नवंबर 2017-फरवरी 2018, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 127-129.
7. दूबे, श्, सुं. (2018). नर्मदा प्रसाद गुप्तः लोक इतिहास और संस्कृति के अध्येता. चौमासा, वर्ष 29, अंक 90, नवंबर 2012-फरवरी 2013, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 14-19.
8. परिहार, श्री. (2018). नर्मदा तट का साहित्य साधकः बाबूलाल सेन. चौमासा, वर्ष 29, अंक 90, नवंबर 2012-फरवरी 2013, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 73.
9. जैन, पु. (2018). आदिवासी लेखन की वैचारिकी और उसका वर्तमान. चौमासा, वर्ष 34, अंक 107, जुलाई-अक्टूबर 2018,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 5-21.
10. ध्रुव, डू. (2018). लोकसाहित्य और संस्कृति. चौमासा, वर्ष 34, अंक 107, जुलाई-अक्टूबर 2018, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 32-34.
11. चक्रवर्ती, पु. (2018). वन और जनजातीय जीवन. चौमासा, वर्ष 34, अंक 107, जुलाई-अक्टूबर 2018, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 99-104.
12. चंदेल ,प्र. (2017). भारतीय लोक अवधारणाओं की पृष्ठ भूमि. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 103, मार्च-जून 2017, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 11-18.
13. शुक्ला, अ. (2017). लोक संस्कृति और भारतीय समाज. चौमासा, वर्ष 33, अंक 103, मार्च-जून 2017, पृष्ठ क्रमांक 233, 234.
14. सहगल, पू. (2013-2014). संस्कारों का महत्व. चौमासा, वर्ष 30, अंक 93, नवंबर 2013-फरवरी 2014,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 29
