भारतीय संस्कार : परिवर्तित आयाम
ISBN: 978-93-93166-25-8
For verification of this chapter, please visit on http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/books.php#8

A Brief Study On The Religious Conversion Of Tribes

 Dr. Harendra Pratap Singh Chouhan
Writer & Visiting faculty
Management
Institute of Management Studies Devi Ahilya University
 Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India 

DOI:10.5281/zenodo.10494938
Chapter ID: 18429
This is an open-access book section/chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Religion is an essential social and cultural element in Indian society, which bases a person's life. Under religion, different sections and communities have followed their religious principles. However, over time, the tribes have faced religious changes. It has also been seen many times that tribes demanding social justice and equality in society reform their religion. They adopt new spiritual principles, which can help reach equality and justice in society. Change of religion impacts society in different ways. It can increase the unity and harmony in society, but sometimes, it can also increase spiritual and cultural diversity. In these changing times, we must remember that religious conversion is based on an individual's personal and social contexts and may reflect the individual's self-determined power. Religious freedom and self-reliance play an essential role in this.

Introduction- Tribal religions, often called tribal religions, are a rich and diverse area of religious, cultural, and social expression followed by the various tribal communities of India. It has multiple traditions, customs, and religious rituals that honor its local culture, history, and characteristics. Religion is such an essential and unique subject that plays a vital role in determining human society's cultural, spiritual, and moral values. Religion plays a guiding role in an individual's life and binds society together. Religion in India is essential not only from a religious point of view but also from a social structure that holds different communities together and binds them into cultural unity. Maintaining social cohesion, collective progress, and a spirit of tolerance through religion is an essential challenge for Indian society. Many religion-related laws in India attempt to secure the rights and duties of different religious communities.


Literature Overview

Meaning of Dharma- Dharma means path or way. It helps support the individual in his duties and responsibilities and guides him toward social prosperity. Religion supports a person's humanity, morality, and spiritual progress.

Main bases of religion-

A. Spiritual approach- Religion gives importance to spiritual relations and guides the individual in search of the highest soul.

B. Morality and Generosity- Religion promotes values of morality, generosity, and sympathy, which help maintain virtue and truth in society.

C. Social Justice and Equality- Religion is vital in promoting social justice and equality, which leads to prosperity.

D. Duty and Religion- Religion inspires a person to support his duties and motivate him to take proper action.

Social impact of religion-

a) Prosperity and Unity- Religion gives life to the feeling of prosperity and unity and makes different communities experience a common culture and sustainable society.

b) Heritage and cultural preservation- Religion promotes the spirit of heritage and cultural conservation and brings together communities committed to prosperity.

Religion is an essential and unique foundation of human society which inspires the individual towards the highest humanity. It guides virtue, morality, and social prosperity and causes society to be maintained in a harmonious and integrated form.

Status of religion in India-

India is a unique country where religiosity and religious diversity are pervasive. It symbolizes a rich confluence of different religions, cultures, and sects. In this essay, we will consider the status of religion in India and know its essential aspects.

• Indian religious composition – Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, and other religions coexist in India. Here, people of different communities live together and maintain cultural relations with each other through this religious prosperity.

• Impact of religion on a person- In Indian society, religion is an essential factor influencing a person's life. It motivates the individual to follow the values of morality, honesty, and social responsibility. A person performs his duties per his religion's teachings and becomes a living and responsible member of society.

Social impact of religion- Religion in India helps maintain a cordial, harmonious, and cultural environment. It strengthens social bonds and allows people of different communities to live in harmony with each other.

• Religion and Politics- Religion plays a vital role in Indian politics. The presence of religion in social and political policies maintains a feeling of harmony and unity in society.

Religiosity is essential in Indian society, which has various castes and communities. Each tribe follows its religious principles and practices, constituting its cultural identity. However, with time, many tribes are facing religious changes. There can be many reasons for this.

1. Education and awareness- With the increasing level of education and awareness, people's thinking is changing. Educated tribes are getting ready to move forward with new ideas and religiosity.

2. Social change- Due to social and economic change, the financial status of people is changing, and they are accepting new social values and religious principles.

3. Demand for equality in society- Many tribes are demanding equality and trying to reform their religious principles in this direction.

4. Economic changes – Economic struggles and changing employment prospects may lead people to accept new religious principles.

5. Demand for social justice- Due to the demand for social justice and equality among the tribes, they are trying to make their religious principles modern and more acceptable.

6. Physical and spiritual terrorism- At some times, people are also shifting their religion due to physical and spiritual terrorism. This may lead them to new religious principles and thinking.

For these reasons, it is essential to understand and review the conversion of tribes. It shows how society changes and how people are ready to reconcile their religious principles with society's needs.

Social changes due to the adoption of Christianity by tribes

When the tribal people who have adopted Christianity were asked why they have adopted Christianity or their family members then, what they told in brief is as follows -

a) social unity and participation in society – Christianity inspires social harmony, justice, and participation. This can work hard to make tribes participate in a more significant societal role and help reduce social inequality.

b) Education and awareness: Christian missionaries and organizations spread education and awareness among the tribes. This can help people become aware of various social issues and give them a positive attitude towards social change.

c) Spirit of service- Christian religion considers the spirit of service and kindness necessary. It inspires its followers to reciprocate by helping others and serving society, which can lead to positive societal change.

d) Education and economic improvement- Christian culture considers education important and does not encourage higher education and study. This gives the tribes an opportunity to become more educated, which can lead to economic improvement in the society.

e) Effect of social change- Reduction of social inequality- Due to the reduction of social inequality among the followers of Christianity, more and more people can be assimilated into society.

f) Educated and empowered citizens- After receiving education through the Christian religion, the members of the tribes can become empowered and aware citizens.

g) Motivation of social service- Inspired by the service spirit of the Christian religion, the members of the tribes can contribute to the service to society, which can lead to positive change.

h) Cultural interaction- By introducing various cultural interactions among the followers of Christianity, social unity can increase and lead to prosperity.

i) Change in social relations- Adopting Christianity can also lead to change in social relations. Due to religious conversion, people may become associated with new social groups and relationships, leading to increased social participation.

Thus, many aspects of social change are possible due to the adoption of Christianity by the tribes. It can be positively helpful in improving society through social integration, education, and social service and lead the tribes towards prosperity.

The adoption of Christianity and Islam by the tribes had an impact on their original worship methods.

Different tribes in India are famous for their unique cultural and religious traditions. However, religious conversion has been experienced among these tribes for some time, and some tribes have adopted Christianity and Islam. Due to this change, their original worship practices are also affected.

Original worship systems of tribes- The original worship systems of tribes reflect their local cultural and religious traditions. There is a feeling of wonder, nature worship, and collective participation in society in these various forms of prayer. Special puja rituals to address multiple aspects of life are essential to their daily routine.

Impact on their worship practices

A. Change in devotion to God- After adopting Christianity and Islam, there may be a change in the faith in God of the tribes. They can now worship God according to the methods of Christian worship and Islam.

B. Amazingness of nature worship- Due to the advent of Christianity and Islam, nature worship may decrease. The sympathy and service towards nature in Christian worship and Islam may be at odds with the worship practices of the tribes.

C. Change in religious relations – By joining with the followers of Christianity and Islam, there can be a change in the spiritual ties between the tribes. Due to religious conversion, they can now become members of the Christian community and the religion of Islam and its social and cultural dimensions.

There are many books written on the subject of tribal religion that provide an opportunity to think about and understand the subject. Some books are based on tribal religion, culture, and socio-cultural aspects, presenting their views on the place of tribes in Indian society and religious changes. An attempt has been made to explain the social and religious movements of the tribals. A detailed picture of the spiritual and social dimensions of tribal communities has been presented. To explain tribal religions, their historical and cultural contexts have been analyzed in detail. Provides a detailed picture of the relationship between the religious experiences and literature of tribal communities. Includes detailed information about the religion, culture, and social changes of Indian tribal communities. They have presented their views to explain the religious and social aspects of tribal communities. Efforts have been made to explain tribal religions as a civilization and to publicize their importance. These books can help in understanding the religion, culture, and society of tribal communities.

Keywords- tribe, religion, religious conversion.

Objective of the study. Study on tribal religious conversion. 2. Present status of tribal religion.

Method: The study used secondary data, unstructured interviews, and observation.

Features of tribal religion

• Power of Prosperity – Prosperity, nature, and the power of self-transcendence are considered necessary in tribal religions. In these, trees, animals, rivers, etc., are worshipped.

• People's life and tribal society - Tribal religion is present in all aspects of society and contains principles that help in lifestyle, behavior, social structure, and formation of social relations.

• Traditional worship – In tribal religions, local deities and powers are worshiped and venerated. In these, traditional customs travels, and festivals are given importance.

• Uniqueness and diversity- Tribal religion encourages diversity and uniqueness. Different deities and values are worshiped in other communities.

• Natural religiosity- Natural conservation and well-being are essential in tribal religion. There is talk about protection and proper use of natural resources. Tribal religion is vital to maintaining local prosperity, culture, and society and reflects their unique identity.

Natural religiosity is an approach that promotes the relationship between religion and naturalism (natural resources, the natural environment, and natural protection). It attempts to maintain a relationship with humans and natural resources, and its main objective is to maintain balance, make proper use of natural resources, and protect the natural environment.

Based on some of the core principles and values of natural righteousness

• Support of natural resources- In genuine religion, using natural resources correctly and appropriately is essential. It supports conservation without harming natural resources.

• Protection of the natural environment- In genuine religiosity, protection of the natural environment is promoted, and efforts are made to make concerned organizations and individuals aware to maintain it.

• Balance of life- In natural religiosity, an attempt is made to balance human life and nature to maintain the proper relationship between the individual and natural resources.

• Social Justice- Social justice is essential in natural religiosity, which leads to harmony in society and adherence to human values.

• Self-upliftment and prosperity- In natural religiosity, work is done towards self-upliftment and prosperity. In this, prosperity is promoted at the social, economic, and environmental levels.

• The main objective of natural righteousness is to balance the individual and natural resources, thereby maintaining the values of prosperity, justice, and harmony.

1. Role of education in religious conversion of tribes-

Effect of education-

I. Changing stream of thought- Educating the tribes brings about a change in their thinking. They gain the ability to think, understand, and question, allowing them to form new perspectives on their religion.

II. Self-reliance- Education makes the tribes self-reliant. Educated tribes are more intelligent, intellectual, and autonomous, which allows them to make their religious principles acceptable in society.

III. Social reforms- Through education, the tribes can understand the importance of harmony and social justice. This can lead to steps towards social reform and unity.

IV. Preservation of religious culture- Educated tribes can support their religious culture and traditions and enable them to carry forward.

V. Religious conversion through education- Through education, tribes can understand their religion and social progress.

VI. Inspiration for social equality – Education makes the tribes understand the importance of social equality and justice and motivates them towards this.

VII. Development and Prosperity- Through education, tribes acquire the skills and knowledge necessary for prosperity and development, helping them move towards self-reliance.

Thus, education is vital in making the tribes accept their religious principles in society. It can help change society towards social justice, equality, and tolerance, thereby increasing the feeling of prosperity and harmony.

A look at the laws related to the religious conversion of tribes - In Indian society, there are challenges from legal aspects in front of the religious conversion of tribes and the problems arising from it. There is a need to understand the circumstances in litigation, constitution, and social justice that are most important for the conversion of tribes.

1. Constitution and religious freedom – The Indian Constitution has strictly supported religious freedom, in which every person has the right to change his religion and devotion. The Indian legal system is designed to comply with this.

2. Social justice and security - Many times, special provisions have been made in the legal process to determine the status of people who convert to religion and to protect them.

3. Resolution of religious disputes – Law can also help resolve and protect religious freedom.

4. Right to personal freedom – The Constitution has given the right to individual liberty, of which religious conversion is also a part. A legal structure has been created to practice this.

5. Protection against religious objections – Law can help provide safeguards against religious objections and barriers so that people can exercise their rights without religious restrictions.

Conclusion of tribal religious conversion-

The conclusion of tribal religious conversion is compassionate and shows a positive or negative attitude toward social changes. It is the result of a deep and rational thought, which helps in understanding the process of religious transformation of tribal communities. The following elements may be part of this conclusion.

• Social and cultural changes- Tribal religion has become a harmonious part of social and cultural changes along with changes. This change creates new relationships in their communities by combining new and old cultural values.

• Social organizations- The effect of tribal religious conversion is also visible in social organizations. It tries to organize communities in new forms, allowing them to move forward, keeping in mind their needs.

• Education and sensitization – Religious change has helped promote education and sensitization in tribal communities. People are now becoming more educated and aware of their rights and duties.

• Environmental protection- Tribal religious conversion has inspired the correct and sustainable use of natural resources. This encourages them to remain conscious of the safety of their environment.

• Self-reliance and support- Tribal religious conversion has helped them move towards becoming self-reliant. This encourages communities to provide support at various levels.

• Thus, tribal religious conversion allows them to move towards prosperity and harmony in social, cultural, and economic terms. If we take a look at the other aspect, we find that the community that used to live in extreme freedom suddenly finds itself in bondage; it becomes very complicated to accept the culture and tradition due to changes in new cultural and social values, many times people Caste behavior does not take into account geography and circumstances, as a result of which the tribal community finds itself in a new struggle, the same social organizations into which the tribal communities are inserted after religious conversion are not necessarily They should readily accept the tribal people, because those organizations have their own rules and traditions in which there are their arrangements of being high and low, small or big. Regarding education and sensitivity, the community can learn to enjoy their rights and be aware of their duties even without converting to religion. It has been observed among the general public that the tribal communities who have adopted religions that have faith in nature are more comfortable, at least on the issue of nature conservation. Still, such beliefs are not seen as practical in nature conservation. Castes feel uncomfortable there. Because their connection with nature is natural. While it seems to be a humorous statement that self-reliance comes after religious conversion. In contrast, other factors work behind self-reliance; it has been seen that people who convert to religion are provided with various kinds of help, which is their progress. Even if such assistance is given without religious conversion, they are still seen making progress. Without detailed study, actual situation study, tribal, social, cultural, and mutual study, it would be premature to say that one gets prosperity or path after religious conversion from a social, cultural, and economic point of view. In this way, subjects are considered sensitive; unless opportunities are provided to research them, they cannot reveal the actual situations.

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Book

1. शर्मा ब्र (2012) आदिवासी विकास एवं सैद्धांतिक विवेचन (संस्करण षष्ठ) मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी भोपाल-

2. तिवारी, शिण् (2010) मध्यप्रदेश की जनजातीय संस्कृति (संस्करण तृतीय) मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी भोपाल.

3. शर्मा, श्री (2009)  जनजातीय समाज शास्त्र (संस्करण सत्रहवां) मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी भोपाल.

4. Singh, A. k. (2008).Tribal development in India (1st ed.). Serials Publications, p. IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII.

5. श्रीवास्तव, . आर. एन.(2007). जनजातीय भारत ( संस्करण द्वितीय.). मध्य प्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रंथ अकादमी भोपाल.

6. राम और रामराज्य आधुनिक परिप्रेक्ष्य, डॉ. कृष्णगोपाल मिश्र, जनजातीय लोक कला एवं बोली विकास अकादमी मध्य प्रदेश संस्कृति परिषद्, मध्य प्रदेश जनजातीय संग्राहलय, भोपाल का प्रकाशन |

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ftJKIcmrl8yAbcgyHNXXAX5Z36WjocR1/view

7. गोण्ड गीत - मध्यप्रदेश की गोण्ड जनजाति के पारम्परिक गीत - प्रो.शरीफ मोहम्मद- जनजातीय लोक कला एवं बोली विकास अकादमी मध्य प्रदेश संस्कृति परिषद्, मध्य प्रदेश जनजातीय संग्राहलय, भोपाल का प्रकाशन |

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qRvo8_lO6vzixTE9-OaeMe2V9G11OnvJ/view

8. स्वांर्ग - श्री कृष्ण द्वारा सीखी चौदह विद्याएँ और चौसठ कलाएँ, जनजातीय लोक कला एवं बोली विकास अकादमी मध्य प्रदेश संस्कृति परिषद्, मध्य प्रदेश जनजातीय संग्राहलय, भोपाल का प्रकाशन |

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Drza11WTxH4kBxDJKnHz2pfUqExeu7EB/view

9. प्रो.नर्मदा प्रसाद गुप्ता - चंदेल कालीन लोक महाकाव्य - आल्हा - प्रामाणिक पाठ, जनजातीय लोक कला एवं बोली विकास अकादमी मध्य प्रदेश संस्कृति परिषद्, मध्य प्रदेश जनजातीय संग्राहलय, भोपाल का |

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t8O3N3x8vEDuu3dSKTBB68QeeeASi0aU/view

10. लोक साहित्यिक सन्दर्भ - बांग्ला एवं भोजपुरी साहित्य - हरिशचंद्र मिश्र, जनजातीय लोक कला एवं बोली विकास अकादमी मध्य प्रदेश संस्कृति परिषद्, मध्य प्रदेश जनजातीय संग्राहलय, भोपाल का |

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FMjYGPMe_A-a-OC6m2ux1rebI2cYcjz-/view

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Report
1. Government of India Ministry of tribal affairs. (2016-17). Annual report 2016-17 socio-economic activities for tribal development. Retrieved from

http://www.tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2016-17.pdf
2. Government of India Ministry of Tribal affairs. (2015-16). Annual report 2015-16 socio- economic activities for tribal development. Retrieved from

http://www.tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2015-16.pdf
3. Government of India Ministry of Tribal affairs. (2014-15). Annual report 2014-15 Tribal welfare and development. Retrieved from

 http://www.tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2014-15.pdf
4. Government of India Ministry of tribal affairs. (2014). Report of the high level committee on socioeconomichealth and educational status of tribal communities of India. Retrieved from

http://www.Indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Tribal%20Committee%20Report,%20May-June%202014.pdf
5. Government of India Tribal affairs statistics division. (2013). Statistical profile of scheduled tribes in India 2013. Retrieved from

http://www.tribal.gov.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf
6. Census of India 2011. (2013). Schedule tribe in India, as revealed in census 2011, Dr. C. Chandramouli registrar general & census commissioner. India Ministry of Home Affairs 03 May 2013. Retrieved from 

http://www.tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/AnnualReport/ScheduledTribesinIndiaasRevealedinCensus2011.pdf
Magazine
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5. मिश्राअं. (2018). पारंपरिक संस्कृति का बदलता स्वरूप. चौमासावर्ष 33, अंक 105, नवंबर 2017-फरवरी 2018,पृष्ठ क्रमांक 111,112.
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