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Research investigations were carried out to work out environment friendly management of Bemisia tabaci (white fly), by using acetonic and alcoholic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana, popularly known as Ghamoya. The bioefficacy of both leaf extracts was evaluated by the dry flim technique against Bemisia tabaci’s nymph and adults. However, it was shown that the acetonic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana reported to be more effective for the integrated pest management approach then compare to the alcoholic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana. The acetonic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana is found more effective biopesticide for the pest (Bemisia tabaci) management of Luffa acutangula.

Comparative evalulation the efficacy of acetone and alchoholic leaf extract (biopesticide) of Argemone maxicana against Bemisia tabaci (whitefly).

Pest control by pesticides originated from petroleum product reported excessive used endorse resistant of pest, inoffensive species conversion into pest by destruction of natural enemy Marini Beltolo (1977); Singh et al. (2005); Saxena and Sukumaran (2008). Many cases of pests tolerant to pesticides have been noted which lead to double and triple applied rates Satinder et al. (2006) while many impact such as health issues,toxicological impact on environment, side effects in organism are very common impact of serial use of synthetic/chemical pesticide Nas (2004). It may lead to interest in botanical pesticides for cultivated crop protection. Several works now in progressing phase for protection by indigenous plant material from insect pest damage Roy et al. (2005) use of local available pesticidal property bearing plants for control of insect pest, it is world wide enceinte technology due to their non selective property they encounters broad range of insect pests. Plants biochemicals could be used as a trap, the secondary metabolites/toxic constituents present in plant play role in primary physiological process lead to synthesize Chakraborty (2011).Recently, biopesticdes in focus due to their distintadvantages:- (a) Biopesticides can be renewable and cheap. (b) Components of biopesticides have existence in nature without any adverse impact on ecosystem. (c) Many plants have more than one biochemical as an active constituent for biocontrol properties. This biochemical having one specific biocontrol effect or divert effects. The conversion initiating rapid resistance to disparate biochemical are greatly unlike Ahmad et al. (2007). Therefore, alternative choice may be to use biopesticide that are easily biodegradable and selective their toxicity. The main aim of this investigation is to overview the role of biopesticides (plant extracts) and in insect pests control in crop of Luffa acutangula. Also, the bioefficacy of biopesticides (plant extracts) against insect pests management. Plant based Biological active ingradients is safer and non-hazardous for mammals and non-target organisms; therefore, interest is over them for IPM. Its availability is economic and cheaper, easily prepare crude extract even by farmers make them compatible.Gayi et al.(2016) studied the efficacy of bio and synthetic pesticides against the American boll worm and their natural enemies on standing crop of cotton and reported that synthetic pesticide cost ratio was financiallyviable and their use has given the yield of cotton seed significantly than the use of biopesticides thus synthetic pesticides were adoptable by the cotton farmers. In contrast biopesticide treatment had minimum side effecfs on the natural enemy’s populations.Chandio et al. (2017) studied the effect of bio and synthetic pesticides against Bemisia tabaci on standing crop of ladyfinger and reported that synthetic pesticide Confidor which belong Imidacloprid group was found to be most effective which is consitutently a disorder of nervous system while biopesticide (neem oil) also has given good result for control of Bemisia tabaci. Ahmad et al. (2007) have given a new light for control of pest from agroproduct as during experiment they used Synergistic (Neem oil) White Oil biopesticide and Bifenthrin synthetic pesticide has been proofed as a saferpest control agent as it is non- toxic and biodegradable. Kumar and Patel (2017) used five biopesticides in the form of leaf for observation of pesticidal property against larvae of Spodopetera litura and Athalia lugens and reported more than 90% of mortality in 5% concentration of Solanum nigrum. During experiments they observed that rate of mortality related not only with the concentration of biopesticidal extract but also depends on exposure periods. Sahito et al. (2017) haveworked to control Amrascabiguttula (a Hemipteron insect) insect pest which is serious pest of standing cotton crop. They have selected five pesticides (Mospilan, Admril, Polo, Safate and Nitenpyram). Nitenpyram which belong to Neonicotionid group and has neurotoxin property, provided better reduction against the cotton jassids under field condition.Jahel et al. (2017)have selected two synthetic pesticides as well as one biopesticideof Ascomycota group fungus to control a very serious pest Bemisiatabaci of Hemiptera group of insect to the standing crop of Solanum lycopersicum which is a rich source of vitamin C result obtained that synthetic pesticide Sulfoxaflor is more effective against nymphs and adults of Bemisiatabaci (100% reduction recorded) while the biopesticide of Ascomycota group of fungus (Beauveria bassiana) is also more effective successful biopesticide which is not toxic for environment as well as other organisms. Chauhan and Sukla (2018) used certain extracts of plant as biopesticides against Raphidopalpafoveicollis in the field of Cucurbita maxima because synthetic pesticide causes some inappropriate because synthetic pesticides caused some adverse effects like pollution, resistivity in insect pests, lethal effect non target organisms they reported that Azadirachtaindica which contain Azadirachtin is best biopesticide for control Raphidopalpafoveicollis so it is the best alternative for sustainable management of Raphidopalpafoveicollis on cucurbita which less impact on the naturally occurring predatory arthopods. Rehman et al. (2018) evaluate three biopesticides against Bactroceracucurbitae and reported that the combination of Spinosad and Lecanicilliummuscarium has been most effective result as the reduction of percent fruit infestation, increasing the fruit yield and decreasing the infested fruit yield reported but synergistic of other biopesticide was not success. Heibatian et al. (2018) during laboratory experiment they used biorational pesticides and chemical pesticides in different group of experimental cazes against Agrotis segetum and resulted that biorational pesticide Neem azal was significant ovipositional deterrent for female moth of Agrotis segetum, so it is most useful pesticide for reduction of pest population. The synthetic pesticide deltamethrin has given more effective result but use of biopesticide have not change the sugar content of sugar beet. Kunbhar et al.(2018) have successed to control sucking pest especially Bemisiatabaci of Brinjal.During experiment they feel pleasure as Azadirachtaindica more successfully reduced pest populations while Coccinellid predators remain saved. The reduction of insect population observed by using Abbot’s formula. Siddique et al. (2019) have used six Botanical pesticides in acetone solvent and have given significant results as these were repellent and ovipositional deterrent of Bactroceracucurbitae, out of them Tabaco leaf extract in acetone solvent has given better result as repellancy and ovipositional deterrent activity was increase with the increase of the doses of the leaf extract. Efficacy of 2 crude polyherbal preparations against Nephotettix virescens, the Green Leafhopper (GLH), and Sogatella furcifera, the White-backed Planthopper (WBPH), two significant sucking insect pests of rice, was tested in a farmer's field in Gandhinagar, Gujarat during Kharif in 2018. Chemical, botanical, and untreated controls were compared to the aqueous and oil-based crude formulations at two different concentrations each. Both basic formulations were successful in controlling green leafhoppers and white-backed plant hoppers in a dose-dependent manner, although the aqueous formulation was more effective than the oil-based formulation. These herbal formulations are an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and safe alternative to chemical control techniques for the management of paddy pests, and may be easily implemented into IPM programmes for the control of sucking pests in paddy Hardev Choudhary et al 2020. Sugarcane is a long-term crop that takes 10-12 months to mature, making it vulnerable to insect infestations. The goal of this study was to determine the ovicidal, oviposition, and larvicidal properties of two therapeutic native herbs. The bioefficacy of Nerium indicum Mill. and Murrya koenigii L. spreng leaf extracts against the sugarcane stalk borer Chilo auricilius D. was investigated. Plant extracts were made utilising a sequential extraction procedure using several solvents such as petroleum, chloroform, methanol, distilled water, and acetone at various concentrations. The hatching percentage of the eggs and the ovipositional behaviour of adult moths were recorded using the choice technique for each portion of the plant extract. When compared to other extracts, the chloroform extract of N. indicum 2.66 percent eggs/female and the chloroform/petroleum ether extract of M. koenigii 9.33 percent eggs/female were shown to be efficient and reduced oviposition. After 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure, petroleum ether and distilled water extracts of N. indicum 52.00 and petroleum ether extract of M. koenigii correspondingly produced the lowest larval survival (74.00, 72.00, and 70.00 percent). However, survival of three-day-old eggs with petroleum ether extract of N. indicum at 8, 10, and 20% concentrations was 60, 58, and 56 percent, respectively, but survival of three-day-old eggs with petroleum ether extract of M. koenigii at identical concentrations was 77, 47, and 72 percent. Rashid Mumtaz et al. 2021. The experiment was conducted in the Insectary of the Department of Entomology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, during the rabi season of 2018-19. The diverse treatments Spinosad 45 SC (0.015 percent), neem, and bakain were most effective against the primary insect pests of tomato variety Type-6, according to the results of this study. Spinosad 45 SC (0.015 percent), followed by neem and bakain, was shown to be the most effective, yielding 90.46 percent, 87.06 percent, and 84.00 percent healthy tomato fruits, respectively, and 9.53 percent, 12.10 percent, and 16.0 percent tomato fruit infestation on a number basis. Considered to be the most effective therapies against H. armigera. Neem and bakain were the most effective treatments against aphids, A. gossypii, and thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, and fruit borer, H. armigera, respectively. Spinosad 45 SC (0.015 percent) had the maximum fruit production of 251.10 q/ha, followed by neem and bakain, which produced 241.11 and 225.55 q/ha, respectively A P Singh et al. 2021.

Dry film method has been used for Lethal concentration ( LC50 ) investigation in experimental models.

Bioactivity of Plants (extract) of different Families to various Insects

(Prveen. (2021)“Comparative Efficacy of Selected Synthetic and Biopesticides against certain Phytophagus Insect  Pests of Luffa acutangula” (Doctoral thesis). Department of Zoology, Agra College, Agra (Affiliated to Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra UP), India.)

Family and plant	Extract		Bioactivity against
Acanthaceae
Adhatoda vesica	Ethanol, Acetone, Ether (Leaf)		Attevafabriciella (Ailanthus web.)
Agavaceae
Agava americana	Plant		Aedes fluviatilis (L.)
	Methanol		Nilaparvatalugens
Alliaceae
Allium sativum	Volatiles		Dysdercuskoenigii,Eariasvittella,Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae)
Alliaceae
Allium sativum	Allitin		Aphis gossypil
Zephyramthussp.	Bulb		Amsactamoorei (Butler)
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica	Ethanol		Myzuspersicae
Annonaceae
Annona reticulate	Aqueous	Spodoptera litura
A. squamosa	Methanol	Spilosomaobliqua(Wk)
Apocynaceae
Coronaria	Leaf	Dysdercuskoenigii
Araceae
Acorus calamus
	Rhizome	Callosobruchuschinensis (Linn.)
	Alcohol (Rhizome)	Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle)
Asclepiadaceae
CabtropisCigantea	Aqueous
		Papiliodemoleus
C. procera
	Dry leaf powder	Triboliumcastaneum
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Ageratum Conzoides	Leaf	Raphidopalpafoveicollis
	Ether and Chloroform	Lipaphiserysimi
	Aerial part	Pieris brassicaeL.
Arternisia abrotanum	Plant	Tinea dubiella
A. monosperma	Essential oil	Drosophila melanogaster

Identification

The Bemisia tabaci are small generally 0.9mm in size, light yellow insect (plate- 5). Female are diploid and emerge from fertilize eggs while male are haploid emerge from unfertilized eggs.

Life history

They appear in month of March and April on Luffa plant and among them females are more in number than male. Female lay eggs 50- 400 under part of leaf. Eggs are 0.11 x 0.25 mm in size. Egg laid in group which are whitish in clour but before hatching they become btown. After a week Nymphshatch out which have four instar stages true pupal stage is absent which may called as intermediate stage.

Crop and Nature of damage 

Cabbage, cucumber, Luffa etc. Pupa (nymph) and fully grown adult suck the structure from tender portion of flora. Hundred and thousand of nymphs may be seen on tender shoot. In mild case, the shoot bilts and in severe case it completely gets billed. A kind of black moulds develops which interfers the photosynthetic mechanism of plant.

(Bemisia tabaci: Nymph and Adult)

Argemone maxicana- (Family: Papaveraceae)

A genus of prickly herbs including about 12 species native of tropical America and hence it has been introduce into other tropical countries.Argemone maxicana is the only specie found in India and refered as "kateli ka phool”. An annual with prickly leaf, bright yellow flowers and bridtly capsules containing many seeds resembling black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra).It is an American plant which is has run wild in India and now a trouble someweeds.

(Argemone maxicana)

 

Processing and Extraction of Plant Material 

The leaf of the selected plant species i.e; Argemone maxicana were collected and brought to the laboratory. There leaves were spread on papersheets and dried under shade at room temperature. The dried leaves were pulverized with electrical grainder and sieved out through 1mm mesh and kept in plastic bags and stored at laboratory conditions for further experimentation. The powdered plant materials dissolved in different solvents in 1: 4 (H/V) and kept for 24 hours and filtered through the double layered muslin cloth.

The extract was rotated at 5000rpm in centrifugation apparatus for 10 min and above part the supernatant was used for assessing the bioactivity. From the supernatant, the polar solvent (cold and hot water) was lyophilized while non- polar solvent (acetone and alcohol); it was kept at room temperature till complete evaporation. The residue was kept in refrigerator for further experimentation.

Preparations of Test Solvents 

The residue was dissolved in different solvent (acetone, alcohol and hot water) in a ratio of 1: 1 (W/V) and considered as mother extract.

Preparation of Dry Flim

The dry flims were prepared in the sterilized petriplates (9 cm diameter) by spreading 1 ml of test solution all over the plate and allowed the plate to dry for 30 – 60 min under electrical fan to remove the solvent. Five replications were maintained for both control and treatment.

LC₅₀ determination of Bemisia tabaci after treatment with Acetone and Alcoholic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana

In order to estimate the LC₅₀ value of acetone and alcoholic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana. The nymph and adult of Bemisia tabaci have been exposed with various concentrations of above plant extract. The concentrations of Argemone maxicana acetone and alcoholic leaf extract viz: 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm have been selected.

The survival number and percentage of larva of each concentration has been noted after 24 hours.

From the survival number the mortality percentage is calculated (Table 1and 2). It is clear from the Table 1 and 2 that mortality increases (in both acetone and alcoholic extracts) in number with the proliferation in concentration of leaf extracts of Argemone maxicana.

Table 1 and 2 also indicate that the mortality percentage of Bemisia tabaci is higher in 200, 500 and 1000 ppm concnetrations of alcoholic leaf extract as compare to acetone extract. However, it is lesser in 2000 and 3000 ppm in alcoholic leaf extract as compare to acetone extract.

By calculating the regression equation of both acetone (Y= -146.281 + 65.502 x) and alcoholic (Y= -145.193 + 64.275 x) leaf extract of Argemone maxicana against Bemisia tabaci, the value of LC₅₀ have been calculated. Also, it is clear from the observed value, the LC₅₀ is higher in alcoholic leaf extract (1088.54 ppm) as compare to acetone leaf extract (992.08 ppm) against Bemisia tabaci.

Table 1 : Percent mortality of Bemisia tabaci by Acetone extract of Argemone maxicana

S.No.	Conc. X	Mortality (%) Y	Log X	Expected (Y)
1	200	9.6	2.30103	4.44
2	500	27.5	2.69897	30.51
3	1000	43.8	3.00000	50.23
4	2000	66.2	3.30103	69.44
5	3000	89.5	3.4771213	81.48

Illustration of Percent mortality of Bemisia tabaci by Acetone extract of Argemone maxicana

Table 2: Percent mortality of Bemisia tabaci by Alcoholic extract of Argemone maxicana

S.No.	Conc. X	Mortality (%) Y	Log X	Expected (Y)
	00	0.0	0.00	0.00
1	200	8.2	2.30103	2.70
2	500	21.3	2.69897	28.28
3	1000	47.5	3.00000	47.63
4	2000	61.5	3.30103	66.98
5	3000	85.4	3.4771213	78.29

Illustration of Percent mortality of Bemisia tabaci by Alcoholic extract of Argemone maxicana

Relative toxicity of leaf extracts of Argemone maxicana to Bemisia tabaci

It is obivious from Table 1 and 2 that on the base of LC₅₀ value, the decling order of the toxicity of both plant extracts to Bemisia tabaci are Argemone maxicana (acetone extract), Argemone maxicana (alcoholic extract) out of these Argemone maxicana (acetone extract are found to be more toxic.

Table3 : Relative toxicity of different plant leaf extracts on Bemisia tabaci

S.No.	Treatment	Regression Eq.	LC50	Relative Toxicity
1.	Argemone maxicana
	(a)Acetone leaf extract	Y =-146.281+65.502x	992.06	0.64
	(b)Alcoholic leaf extract	Y =-145.193+64.275x	1088.54	0.58

Therefore, on the basis of present investigation it may concluded that Bemisia tabaci, can be lead to the belief that  acetonic leaf extracts of plant (Argemone maxicana) could be used as substitute due to potential, it’s cheaper cost and safe approach for beneficial insect pests. The crop protection or management by biopesticides (leaf extracts) provides mass productivity and safety of natural enemies and therefore, indicated their acceptability for taking in IPM.

Discussion 

Evaluation of LC₅₀ of the biocidal compound is one of the pre-requisites for the toxicological studies. The LC₅₀ (median lethal conc.) represents the amount of toxicant needed to kill 50% of animal population.

Table: 4 Bio-Efficacy of  Argemone maxicana plant (leaf) extracts against Bemisia tabaci

S.No.	Treatment	LC50 value – ppm	Order of Toxicity	Relative resistance
1.	Argemone maxicana
A	Acetone extract	992.06	1	1.674
B	Alcoholic extract	1088.54	2	0.988

Evaluation of Argemone maxicana plants extract

According to present investigation, for the determination of LC₅₀values of alcoholic and acetone leaf extract of Argemone maxicana, different concentration of these plant extracts had been treated against the nymph and adult of Bemisia tabaci. The different concentrations of acetone and alcoholic leaf extract of Argemone maxicana plants were taken as 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000ppm.

It is clear from Table- 4 that on the base of LC₅₀ value, the relative resistance of Bemisia tabaci insect pest investigation against leaf extracts of Argemone maxicana,  and found that LC₅₀ 992.06 and relative resistance 1.674 in acetonic leaf extract which showed higher bioefficacy as compare to alcoholic leaf extract of  same plant respectively .

Noel González-Valdivia et. al (2017) Habanero chilli pest management (Capsicum chinense Jacq., Solanaceae) whitefly of the sweetpotato Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Hemyptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major plague vector capable of generating significant economic loss. Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoids chemical, is used to control them. Imidacloprid resistance has now been found in B. tabaci. Some plant extracts, such as allspice [Pimenta dioca (L.) Merrill, (Myrtaceae)], sweet basil [Ocimun basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)], and wild feverfew [Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)], have been suggested in the literature to have insect repellent effects against whiteflies. The repellant activity of crude aqueous extracts in a 1:1 ratio based on mass weight leaf moisture was evaluated for each of the above-mentioned plants against whitefly nymphs and eggs in a preliminary screening under controlled settings. The results suggest that basil and fever few extracts are both efficient in reducing adult whitefly oviposition on habanero chilli leaves, with allspice having the least impact. In this approach, field research must be conducted. Angel Cruz-Estrada et. al (2012) have studied the growth inhibitory effect of some plants for Bemisia tabaci. According to them, addition of various function of Callistemon citrinus Petiveriaalliacea and Trichilaarborea, Azadirachta indica, Yacatan peninsula showed various biological activities. Ethyle acetate and ethyle alcohol fractions of Neem showed the presence of chemicals which could bring about complete mortality of Bemisa tabaci on eight and ten days after feeding. However addition of hot water extracts in the diet did not cause sufficient adverse as 70% adults emergence could be recorded on these diets revealed the higher degree of growth inhibitory effect in diets compounded with extract of ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and plant residue. Similarly, the insecticidal properties of Callistemon citrinus have been studied by Palani kumar et al.(2017) and Shrestha et al. (2015). Accordingly, to their observations, it clearly shows that Callistemon citrinus contains a variety of chemicals which may interfere with growth and development of insect, resulting in resistance of this plant to insect attack. Also, the allomonic properties of Callistemon citrinus in protecting this plant against insect attack has been discussed by Olaitan and Abiodun (2011). Callistemon citrinus as well as Papaveraceae plant extracts have feeding deterrent property and also show oral toxicity to insects. At 100ppm was found to be antifeedent for cotton pink ballworm, Tephritid fruit flies, jassid, whitefly and Leucinodesorbonails. In addition to this leaf extract of this plant also show insecticidal properties for some insect pest Peter et al. (2001), Angel Cruz- Estrada et al. (2012).

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