For verification of this paper, please visit on http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/shinkhlala.php#8

The process of finding of the sex of fetus afterthan undergoing abortion is female foeticide. The frequency of female foeticide is calculated in India by proper birth sex ratio of boys and girls at birth. Female foeticide is a deliberate and heinous crime committed on account of giving primafacie to boys orthodox considerations and low prices of girls.The primary data in the research methodology has been compiled on the besis of schedule interview.

The research work in the paper has three objectives as stated below- i. To analyses socio-economic background of the female respondent. ii. To find the level of awareness about female foeticide and female infanticide. iii. Study the role of female education in preventing female foeticide. To find out the socio-economic background of respondents following choice of age, cast, class education, religion, type of family and occupation variables has been selected.

Some of the selected international and national studies related to the following female foeticide and female infanticide are as under.

Zonunsiami and other’s (2017) They studies on married and unmarried women to bring gender preference they found in their study socio-demographic factors play a role in women’s awareness of female foeticide and education plays a critical role in modifying their attitudes toward female foeticide.

Kajal B Devara and other’s (2014)     Studies in her cross sectional study on the rural urban women at Jamnagar District of Gujarat, she found in her study that this harmful practice should be stopped altogether. Effort should be made to implement the law effectively strict punishment needs to be given to the defaulters as per the PC-PNDT Act.  Legislative measures like prohibition of Dowry Act should be strictly inforced.

Mehar Singh Gill (2013)   found in their study that preference for son’s and aversion to daughters are the two sides of same coins. The main determinates of son preference and daughter aversion could be listed as below.

Pratap Naikwade (2013) According to Pratap Naikwade people in area voiced that they don’t support of female foeticide. The research was carried out by the survey of 1000 families in Songameshwar Tehsil, District Ratnagiri (M.H.).  According to findings, they still believe to the exclusively male dominated traditions of lighting the funeral pyre and the custom of patrilinealism.

Samsunnes Khatun and Azarul Islam (2011) They found in their studies that the in-effective implementation of the legislation is evident in India’s skewed gender ratio. Even if there is no direct female infanticide. Indirect infanticides must occur until and unless our conceptions regarding various economic, social and ritual reasons about the girls are changed.

Under the socio-economic background women respondent has been covered by seven variables like age, caste, class, education, religion, type of family and occupation. The findings based on variables described above are as follows:-

Table -1

Socio Economic Background of Women Respondents

 

Ser No	Variables	Group Division	Total women respondents
1.	Age	20-25	35
		25-30	20
		30-35	23
		35-40	22
2.	Cast (According to social stratification)	Upper	28
		Middle	37
		Lower	35
3.	Class (Based on monthly income)	Upper	41
		Middle	46
		Lower	13
4.	Education	10-12th	21
		Graduation	37
		Post Graduation	29
5.	Religion	Hindu	88
		Muslim	12
		Other	-
6.	Family	Joint	67
		Nuclear	33
7.	Occupation	Working	17
		Non Working	83

Data obtained on age basis found that out of total 100 female respondents in 20-25 age groups 35%, women in 25-30 age group total 20% women, in 30-35 age group 23% and 35-40 age group 22% women are related.

Data obtained on caste basis found that out of total 100 female respondents 28% of the upper caste women, 37% of the middle caste and 35% of the lower caste women are related.

On the basis of class data found that out of the 100 female respondents, 41% women upper class, 46% women middle class and 13% women related to lower class.

On the basis of education data found that out of the 100 female respondents, 21% women educated till 10-12^th, 37% women educated till graduation, 29% women educated till post gradation and 13% women are in technical education.

On the basis of religion data found that out of the 100 female respondents 88 women Hindu, 12 women are Muslim.

On the basis of family data found that out of 100 female respondents 67% women related to joint family and 33% women are related to nuclear family.

Table -2

Awareness About Female Foeticide

Ser No	Variables	Group Division	Do you know about female foeticide and female infanticide?
			Yes	No
1.	Age	20-25	33	02
		25-30	19	01
		30-35	23	-
		35-40	21	01
2.	Cast (According to social stratification)	Upper	28	-
		Middle	35	02
		Lower	33	02
3.	Class (Based on monthly income)	Upper	41	-
		Middle	45	01
		Lower	10	03
4.	Education	10-12th	18	03
		Graduation	36	01
		Post Graduation	29	-
		Technical Education	13	-
5.	Religion	Hindu	86	02
		Muslim	10	02
		Other	-	-
6.	Family	Joint	64	03
		Nuclear	32	01
7.	Occupation	Working	16	01
		Non Working	80	03

Graph -1

Awareness About Female Foeticide Based On Variables

On the basis of age, it was found that only 4% female respondent were not aware of female foeticide out of were 2% are related to 20-25 age group and 1% women are related to 25-30 age group 1% women are related to 35-40 age group.

The data obtained on the basis of caste found that out of the total 100 female respondents, only 2% of women belong to middle caste and 2% of women belong to lower caste, who were not aware about female foeticide.

Education based data found that only 3% women educated till 10-12^th , 1% women educated till graduation were not aware about female foeticide.

On the basis of religion it was found that 2% of women were related to Hindu religion and 2% of them were related to Muslim religion who did not know anything about female foeticide.

The data obtained by the family found that women who were not aware of female foeticide were related to 3% joint family and 1% nuclear family.    

On occupation basis data found that women who did not know about female foeticide was 1% working women and 3% were non working women.

Table -3

Role of Education to Prevent Female Foeticide

Ser No	Variables	Group Division	Is role of education to prevent female foeticide?
			Yes	No
1.	Age	20-25	32	01
		25-30	16	03
		30-35	21	02
		35-40	17	04
2.	Cast (According to social stratification)	Upper	26	02
		Middle	30	05
		Lower	30	03
3.	Class (Based on monthly income)	Upper	38	03
		Middle	39	06
		Lower	09	01
4.	Education	10-12th	16	02
		Graduation	34	02
		Post Graduation	26	03
		Technical Education	19	03
5.	Religion	Hindu	80	06
		Muslim	06	04
		Other	-	-
6.	Family	Joint	57	07
		Nuclear	29	03
7.	Occupation	Working	13	03
		Non Working	73	07

The data obtained on the basis of age found that 32% of the age group of 20-25 years, 16% of the age of 25-30 years, 1% of the 30 to 35 years and 17% of the women’s education had assumed that female education played its past in the prevention of female foeticide.

 

Graph-2

Consent to the role of education by female respondents in stooping female foeticide as received by age data.

Among women supporting the role of female education in preventing female foeticism, 25% are women high caste, 30% are women middle caste and 30% are related to low caste.

The data obtained by class found that women’s education plays an important role in preventing female infanticide by 38% of upper class women 39% of middle class women and 9% of lower class women.

On education basis the data found that out of 100 female respondents, 16% women educated till 10-12^th, 34% women educated till graduation, 26% women educated till post graduation and 10%  women are in technical education, believe that female education is playing its role positively in preventing female foeticide.

On the basis of religion the statistics found that 80% of women in Hinduism and 6% of Muslim religion believe that female education is playing a positive role in preventing female foeticide.

In prevention of female foeticide, female respondents with the positive role of education are 57% concerned with the joint family and 29% concerned with nuclear family.

On occupation basis data found that 13% working and 73% non-working women believed that female education was playing its role in preventing female foeticide.

Table -4
Prevent Female Foeticide By Increasing Female Education

Ser No	Variables	Group Division	Can female foeticide prevented by increasing female education?
			Yes	No
1.	Age	20-25	29	04
		25-30	13	06
		30-35	15	08
		35-40	14	07
2.	Cast (According to social stratification)	Upper	20	08
		Middle	25	10
		Lower	26	07
3.	Class (Based on monthly income)	Upper	34	07
		Middle	30	15
		Lower	07	03
4.	Education	10-12th	10	08
		Graduation	31	05
		Post Graduation	20	09
		Technical Education	10	03
5.	Religion	Hindu	65	21
		Muslim	06	04
		Other	-	-
6.	Family	Joint	45	19
		Nuclear	26	06
7.	Occupation	Working	09	07
		Non working	62	18

Data received on the basis of age found that 29% women aged 20-25 years 13% women aged 25-30 year 15% women aged 30-35 and 14% of women aged 35-40 believe that female foeticide can be prevented if female education is increased.

On the basis of caste data, it was found that among the women who supported the increase in female education in prevention of female foeticide, 20% of them are from higher castes 25% of women middle caste and 26% of women are related to lower castes.

On the basis of class data found that 34% of women in higher classes, 30% of women in middle class and 7% of lower classes of women feel that female foeticide can be prevented by increasing female education.

Based on education data found that 10% of educated women up to 10-12^th, 31% of educated women up to graduation, 20% of educated women up to post graduation and 10% educated women up to technical education are of the opinion that female foeticide of female children is prohibited.

On the basis of religion, the data found that 65% of women of Hindu religion and 6% of Muslim religions women believe that female foeticide can be banned by increasing female education.

On the basis of family data found that 45% of women in the joint family and 26% of women in the family of the nuclear believe that female foeticide can be prevented with increase in female education.

The data obtained on occupation basis showed that 9% of working women and 62% of non-working women hold that female foeticide could be prevented by increasing female education.   

Table -5

Role of Education About Women Decission Making of Abortion and Concieve

Ser No	Variables	Group Division	Did the increase in female education lead to an increase women’s decision making to conceive and abortion?
			Yes	No
1.	Age	20-25	29	04
		25-30	16	03
		30-35	22	01
		35-40	18	03
2.	Cast (According to social stratification)	Upper	25	03
		Middle	29	06
		Lower	31	02
3.	Class (Based on monthly income)	Upper	38	03
		Middle	42	03
		Lower	05	05
4.	Education	10-12th	14	04
		Graduation	35	01
		Post Graduation	26	03
		Technical Education	10	03
5.	Religion	Hindu	78	08
		Muslim	07	03
		Other	-	-
6.	Family	Joint	58	06
		Nuclear	27	05
7.	Occupation	Working	12	04
		Non working	73	07

The data obtained on the basis of age found that 29% of women aged 20-25, 16% of women aged 25-30, 22% of women aged 30-35 and 18% of women aged 35-40 were of the opinion that increased education would lead to an increase in women’s decision making to abortion and pregnancy.

On the basis of caste data found that 25% of women of higher caste, 29% of women of middle caste and 31% of lower caste are of the opinion that increase in female education leads to an increase in the capacity of women to miscarriage and pregnancy.

On the basis of class it was found that 38% of women in the higher classes, 42% of the middle class women and 5% of the lower class of women believe that increase in the decision making capacity of women to miscarriage and pregnancy.

Based on education data found that about 14% of women educated up to 10^th -12^th, 35% of women pursuing education up to graduation, 26% of women educated up to post graduation and 10% of technical educated are of the opinion that the increase in female education leads to an increase in the decision making capacity of women to abortion and conceive.

Based on religion, the figure was found that 78% of Hindu women and 7% of Muslim religion’s women believe that female education increases the ability of women to conceive and abortion.

Based on family data it was found that 58% of women in joint family and 27% of women in the nuclear family believe that increasing women’s education can enhance the capacity of women.

On occupation basis, data found that 12% of working women and 73% of non-working women believe that increased female education can lead to an increase in the decision to abortion and pregnancy of women.

Table -6
The Level of Decision Relating to Women’s
Conception And Abortion With Increase In Women’s Education

Ser No	Variables	Group Division	The level to which women’s education increasing in women’s judgment on pregnancy or abortion.
			Low Level	Moderate Level	High Level
1.	Age	20-25	05	19	09
		25-30	03	12	04
		30-35	03	15	05
		35-40	04	14	03
2.	Cast (According to social stratification)	Upper	05	18	05
		Middle	06	20	09
		Lower	04	22	07
3.	Class (Based on monthly income)	Upper	05	27	09
		Middle	07	30	08
		Lower	03	03	04
4.	Education	10-12th	06	07	05
		Graduation	03	25	08
		Post Graduation	02	21	06
		Technical Education	04	07	02
5.	Religion	Hindu	11	56	19
		Muslim	04	03	03
		Other	-	-	-
6.	Family	Joint	09	42	13
		Nuclear	06	18	08
7.	Occupation	Working	03	08	05
		Non working	12	52	16

On the basis of age, data found that with the increase in female education of 20-25 years, the impact of women’s decision making capacity was of 5%, 19% medium level and 9% higher level, 3% of low level of 20-25 years 12% secondary level and 4% were supported at the appropriate level. 3% women aged 30-35 were in support of lower level 15% middle level and 5% higher level and 4% of the age of 35-40 were supported at 14% medium level and 3% higher level. In the data obtained on the basis of caste, 5% of high caste women were supported by low level,18% of women at middle level and 5% at higher level 6% of the middle caste was supported by low level,

20% of the medium level and 9% higher level. 4% of the lower caste women were at the lowest level, 22% of women at the secondary level and 7% higher level in support.  

On the basis of class data found that 5% of women’s in higher classes were supported by low level, 27% of women medium level and 9% of women were related to higher level. 7% of middle class women were related to low level, 30% of middle and 8% of women of lower class, 3% of women at lower level , 3% of middle level and 4% of women at higher level support.

On the basis of education it was found that the impact of education on the decision making of women was to support the moderate level of influence, among which 7% women were educated from 10-12^th, 25% of women educated from graduation and 21% women educated from post graduation and 7% were women in technical education.

On the basis of religion, data found that 56% of women of Hinduism and 3% of Muslim religion were in moderate support.

On the basis of family data found that 42% of the joint family women and 18% of the members of the nuclear family were supporting the middle level.

The statistics obtained on the basis of occupation found that 8% working and 52% non working women are in support of middle level.

The rural area Asra Village, Ghaziabad District, Hapur Tehsil has been selected for the field of study under the submitted study. A total of 100 female respondents have been selected using random objective full illustration system under study. Data has been called under primary material using individual study method and interview schedule for collection of data under study. The Asra village has population of 1090 of which 545 are male and 474 females as per population census 2011.

Conclusion: 1. The the data obtained on the basis of age found that only 33% women of age groups 20 to 25 years were aware of the female feticide or female infanticide. 2. Data obtain on the basis cast found that 60% women of middle cast and lower cast believe that female education play an important role in female foeticide and female infanticide. 3. On the basis of class data found that 34% of upper class, 30% of middle class and 7% of lower class women believe that female foeticide can be prevented with increase in female education. 4. The data obtained on the basis of education that 85% of educated women believe that if women's education increase the decision making of women for abortion and conceive could be increased. 5. On the basis of age found that 60% of women believe that increase in female education has a moderate impact on women's decision to conceive and abortion.

1. Davara, Kajal B and others, 2014 : “Female Foeticide : Awareness and Perceptions of Married Women in the Reproductive Age group in Jamnagar District”, DOI : 10.5455/ijmsph.2014.170420143 2. Gill, Mehar Singh 2013 : “Female Foeticide in India : Looking Beyond Son Preference and Dowry”, May The Mankind Quarterly, 53 (3 & 4), pp.281-305. 3. Khalun, Samsunnessa and Aznarul Islam 2011 : “Death Before Birth : A Study on Female Foeticide in India”, Ms Academic, 1 (13), pp 94-99, ISSN : 2229-6484. 4. Naikwade, Pratap 2013 : “Study of Female Foeticide Problem with Special Reference to Sangameshwar Tehsil, Maharashtra”, May. 5. Zonunsiame, Ms Mercy and others 2017 : “A Study on the Attitude of Gender Preference and Female Foeticide Among Women in Selected Setting at Mangaluru”, International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, Vol-7, ISSN: 2249-9571, ISSUE : 12, Dec.