1.1 Sources of Arsenic Contamination
According to CSIR, the primary groundwater arsenic occasion and its fitness implications in India came about in 1976 withinside the Union Territory of Chandigarh. In 1982, groundwater arsenic pollutants and instances of arsenicosis have been said in West Bengal. Later, in Bihar (2002), Uttar Pradesh (2003), Jharkhand (2004), and Uttar Pradesh's Upper Ganga Plains (2004), groundwater pollutants and the struggling of affected folks got here to light (2009). In the plains of the Brahmaputra, this sedimentary basin became produced in the course of the Pleistocene and Holocene eras via way of means of the deposition of extensive volumes of arsenic-containing sediments that originated frequently withinside the Himalayas and have been added down via way of means of the superb Ganga and Barhamputra rivers. Arsenic is seeping from those sediments into the groundwater aquifers below the fan deposit areas and Holocene alluvium. Though an appropriate technique via way of means of which arsenic leaches into groundwater is unknown, 3 hypotheses were superior to account for the method of arsenic leaching into groundwater. Arsenical pyrites in alluvial sediments are oxidised, freeing arsenic into groundwater. The oxidation would possibly have occurred due to ambient oxygen coming into the aquifers due to vast groundwater elimination thru shallow and deep tubewells. Microbial decomposition of natural substances underground consequences in anoxic conditions, which bring about the discount of iron oxyhydroxides (FeOOH), subsequently freeing sorbed arsenic into the groundwater. 3) By aggressive trade of phosphate anions, arsenic anions sure to aquifer minerals are driven into solution, ensuing in arsenic pollutants of groundwater. The origins of phosphate are said to encompass immoderate agricultural utilization of phosphate fertiliser, fermentation, or decomposition of buried peat deposits and different clearly taking place natural compounds, and so forth. However, those proposed tactics have not begun to be validated. 6 In India, groundwater has a more percent of arsenic than floor water, and it consists of each inorganic and natural arsenic species (AsIII and AsV), with AsIII being the essential species. Both inorganic and natural kinds of arsenic are found in floor and dugwell water, with the oxidised shape of arsenic being the essential species. While each AsIII and AsV are poisonous, it's been said that AsIII is the extra toxic. Arsenic pollutants has been detected extra regularly in tubewells positioned among 15 and 50 metres deep. However, in sure instances, arsenic infection has been in deeper tubewells. Arsenic infection of water from deep tubewells (DTWs; extra than a hundred and fifty m deep) is uncommon. Initially, it became believed that the arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh's tubewell water originated withinside the Gangetic delta plain; however, infection became sooner or later diagnosed in nearly all of the country's sedimentary zones, excluding the hilly and Pleistocene Uplands (Terrace Land).

1.2 Contamination of Soil and Vegetation 

In arsenic-affected regions, irrigation water drawn from tube wells is regularly polluted with arsenic. When arsenic-infected floor water is used to irrigate crops, a number of the arsenic contaminates the meals chain. Apparently, a few humans suppose that meals is the second one maximum essential supply of arsenic for humans, after ingesting water that has a variety of arsenic in it.

1.3 Arsenic Contamination Situation

Table -1  State-wise levels of arsenic contamination in ground water and the year of their total 86 districts 

The Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation11 in a note   mentioned that the level of contamination was more than 3 mg/l.

1.4 Arsenicosis

The illness because of chronic arsenic poisoning is stated as "arsenicosis." Arsenicosis is characterized through pores and skin lesions including melanosis, keratosis, and leucomelanosis. These dermatological signs and symptoms are appeared because the number one symptoms and symptoms of arsenicosis in India. Arsenicosis is described through the World Health Organization as a "continual sickness because of chronic publicity to arsenic over the permissible dosage for as a minimum six months, frequently evidenced through one of a kind pores and skin lesions of melanosis and/or keratosis without or with involvement of inner organs." In India, the permissible degree of arsenic in consuming water is 0.05 mg/L.3,10 In India, no instances of arsenicosis were suggested amongst people who drank tubewell water with an arsenic degree of much less than 0.082. Patients with arsenicosis have been by and large detected thru fitness aides' residence-to-residence visits in arsenic-affected regions.

1.5 Management of Arsenicosis Patients

There isn't anyt any remedy for arsenicosis. The number one remedy strategies for sufferers with arsenicosis are to keep away from destiny publicity to arsenic through discontinuing use of arsenic-infected water for ingesting and cooking and switching to arsenic-secure water for ingesting and cooking. Additionally, sufferers with arsenicosis are advocated to devour protein and nutrition A, E, and C-wealthy ingredients which can be with ease reachable locally. Additionally, sufferers are endorsed to complement with nutrients A (beta-carotene), E, and C and to apply keratolytic ointment to remove keratotic lesions at the palm and sole. These healing techniques had been tested to be useful withinside the early healing of people with moderate to intense arsenicosis. Collaboration and coordination with authorities and non-authorities businesses with the aim of assuaging arsenicosis sufferers' struggling through early detection and care, in addition to avoidance of consequences, which includes cancer.Consumption of arsenic-safe water is critical for both preventing arsenic exposure and managing arsenicosis.

Dermatological effects have been diagnosed predominantly in the Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand states of India and west Bengal. Dermatological effects in 42% of adults and 9% of children were also diagnosed in the Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh.

Cardiovascular effects such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease or “blackfoot disease”, systemic arteriosclerosis, and gangrene have been documented as an independent risk factor for human health induced by prolonged arsenic exposure and are irreversible. Several patients with gangrene of the foot were also diagnosed in West Bengal, India.

Respiratory disorders including cough, shortness of breath, noisy chest while breathing, and even non-malignant as well as malignant lung diseases. These symptoms were positively correlated with arsenic concentrations in drinking water that ranged from <3 to 3400 µg/L, among the studied 7683 chronically exposed individuals in West Bengal, India.

Mild to severe arsenic-induced gastrointestinal effects are reported in West Bengal India. Thirty-eight percent of the surveyed villages, chronically exposed to arsenic-contaminated groundwater in the West Bengal state of India, exhibited chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, commonly known as dyspepsia. In another study in West Bengal, India, individuals in the surveyed communities, chronically exposed to arsenic-contaminated water between 30 and 3400 µg/L, had persistent abdominal pain.

The first case of hepatological effects, noncirrhotic portal fibrosis, was diagnosed in 1976 in nine patients from Chandigarh, India who had been chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water of arsenic. A significant amount of arsenic was detected in the livers of these patients. Later, hepatomegaly was reported in a majority of individuals exposed to high levels of arsenic in West Bengal, India. It is evident that liver enlargement is a common symptom among arsenic-exposed communities in most GRB regions including West Bengal, India. 

Neuropathy and paresthesia or peripheral neuropathy were diagnosed in a majority of the studied populations exposed to elevated levels of arsenic through drinking water in West Bengal, India. Some neurological disorders were also reported in the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh states of India . New investigations have identified several patients with various peripheral neuropathy symptoms including limb pain, hyperpathia or allodynia, distal paresthesia and hypesthesia, calf tenderness, distal limb symptom, and diminished tendon reflexes in West Bengal, India.

Since the invention of arsenic infection in tube properly water in 1993, the Indian authorities has made many tries to cope with the arsenic infection trouble. At first, the authorities convened a committee. The committee's task became to adopt fact-locating surveys for you to verify the scope of the arsenic infection trouble and to decide if the uncovered populace became laid low with arsenic poisoning. Initially, it became expected that arsenic pollutants might be limited in numerous significantly affected regions, extensively alongside the Ganges.