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Studies of Role of Urinary Constituents on Urinary Bladder Interface by Using Electro Kinetics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Paper Id :
16313 Submission Date :
2022-08-02 Acceptance Date :
2022-08-22 Publication Date :
2022-08-25
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Abstract |
Biological systems experience varying degrees of hydrostatic pressure & electrical potential gradients. These forces may act individually & collectively. The process of urination may be described in terms of hydrostatic pressure and electrical potential gradient. The urinary bladder is a membranous structure and it collects urine. Urine is a multi-component system and its composition varies with the clinical status of the individual and the diet taken by the individual. The presence of various constituents in urine throws light on the clinical status of the individual, e.g. in diabetes mellitus and during impaired liver functioning, glucose is observed in urine. Urinary constituents may either be acidic or basic in nature and are always in contact with the urinary bladder membrane, hence their interaction with the urinary bladder membrane cannot be ruled out. Present study is an effort to find out such interactions and is an attempt to establish a relation between physical properties of urinary constituent solution and electro kinetics of these solutions. In present study urine-oxalic acid mixture solutions have been examined and results have been analyzed by using non-equilibrium thermodynamics and electro kinetic energy conversions.
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Keywords | Urinary Bladder Membrane, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Electro Kinetic Energy Conversion, Urinary Constituent. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Introduction |
Life is a complicated and integrated form of complex chemical reactions. This chemical reaction occurs at membrane surface, or in an intracellular environment, or in an extracellular environment [K.E. Anderson et. al. & Smith et. al[1&2] various processes, viz. Physical and chemical, occurring in the biosystems, are the outcomes of these complex chemical reactions. Biological systems experience varying degrees of hydrostatic pressure and electrical potential gradients [Andreoli et. al 1978][3]. These forces may act individually & collectively. Urinary process is the one, which is the collective property of these forces [Guytan, 1981][4]. The process of urination may be described in terms of hydrostatic pressure and electrical potential gradients [Shukla & Mishra 1987[5,6], Shukla Mishra & Mishra 1989][7]. Urinary bladder is a membranous structure, which performs useful functions like passive collection and active expulsion of urine.
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Objective of study | Thus from the above study, it can be concluded that the electro kinetic measurements and physical properties measurement of urine oxalic-acid mixture give the same result. And by using any one of these, the interaction of urine and its constituents with the urinary bladder interface can easily be understood. |
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Review of Literature | The generation of micturition wave produces
voiding tendency in the bladder and whenever bladder develops voiding tendency,
electrical energy is converted into mechanical work [Shukla et. al; 1990][7].
The normal functioning of the bladder depends on the proper generation of
micturition waves. The proper functioning of the urinary bladder clearly
indicates the proper functioning of various body organs. Urine is a multi
component system and its composition varies with the clinical status of the
individual and also with the diet taken by the individual [Schoffenicls,
1967][8]. The presence of various constituents in urine throws light on the
clinical condition of the individual, e.g. In diabetes mellitus and during
impaired liver functioning glucose is observed in urine. The glucose is not a
normal constituent of urine.[9]
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Main Text |
Theoretical
:- The Electro Kinetics of
the urine oxalic acid mixture solution has been explained by using non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the volume flow Jv and current flow (I), across a membrane in a non-linear range may be described as follows. [Lakshminarayanaih, 1984;11 Lorimer, 1985]12. 1. Jv = L11
∆P + L12
∆∅ + L112 ∆∅ . ∆P + ……………………………….. (1) And I = L21∆P + L22 ∆∅ + L212 ∆∅ . ∆P + ……………………………….. (2)
Where
Lij, Lijk (i, j, k = 1, 2, 3, ………………………………) are
phenomenological coefficients. The conversion efficiency [Kedem & Caplan,
1965;13 Morrison & Osterle, 1965;14 Shukla & Mishra, 199215 & 199416]. The degree of coupling (q) lies between zero and unity [o q 1]. It has a value of zero when there is no coupling between two processes and a value of unity when the two processes are most tightly coupled.
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Methodology | (A) Membrane :- The urinary bladder membrane of a goat was used due to its easy availability and to withstand high pressure. It was preserved for experimental purpose as described earlier [Shukla & Mishra 19876; Shukla, Mishra & Mishra, 19897; Shukla et-al, 1990; shukla & Mishra 199110; Shukla & Mishra 199215; and Shukla & Mishra 199416.]
(B) Permeating materials: - Permeating material used was urine-oxalic acid mixture solution. The oxalic acid was obtained from BDH and was used as such without any further purification. The output amount of oxalic acid in urine is of great clinical importance. The normal output of oxalic acid is 20-50 mg 24 hr. The increased amount of oxalic acid indicates impaired liver functioning.
The normal output volume of urine per 24 hours falls within the range of 1100 to 2000 ml. The volume of urine clearly indicates the clinical status of an individual, e.gIn diabetes insipidus, an increased volume of urine is observed. For experimental purposes, urine of a healthy individual was taken and was used immediately without any delay.
The mixtures of urine and oxalic acid were prepared on 1:1 basis with respect to volume.
(C) Experimental procedure :- The electro kinetic measurements performed as described earlier,6, 7, 10, 15, 16. The physical properties of urine – oxalic acid mixture solution were measured as they were performed previously [Mishra, Shukla & Mishra; 1999]17. |
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Result and Discussion |
The value of various phenomenological coefficients and conversion maxima for oxalic acid/urinary bladder membrane are given in table I & II. The various physical properties are mentioned in table III. Table I – Values of different phenomenological coefficients, degree of coupling and conversion efficiency for aqueous oxalic acid solution (1991)10.
(b) Temperature of the system = 350C 0.10C
Table II – Values of different phenomenological coefficients for urine – oxalic acid mixture systems (1992)15.
(b) Temperature of the system = 350C 0.10C
Table III – Values of various physical properties of urine-oxalic acid mixture system (1999)17.
From the tables, I, II
and III following conclusion can be drawn- 1. As the
concentration increases, the phenomenological coefficient relating pressure
(i.e. I,11) decreases whereas the phenomenological coefficients
relating potential gradient (i.e. L22 and L12 and
L21) increases for oxalic acid/urinary bladder system. 2. In case
of urine-oxalic acid/urinary bladder system, the hydrodynamic permeability
(i.e. L11) increases as the concentration of oxalic acid in
urine-oxalic acid mixture solution increases; whereas coefficients relating
potential gradient (i.e. L22 & L21) decreases
with increasing concentration of oxalic acid in mixture solution. 3. The
conversion efficiency maxima [nmax] and degree of coupling (q)
increases with increasing concentration of oxalic acid for oxalic acid/urinary
bladder membrane system. In case of urine-oxalic acid/urinary bladder membrane
system, both the coefficients represent a decreasing trend as the concentration
of oxalic acid in urine-oxalic acid mixture solution increases. 4. Various
physical properties like surface tension, viscosity, density and pH show an
increasing trend for oxalic acid system when concentration increases. For
urine-oxalic acid mixture solution the surface tension, density and pH
decreases with increasing concentration oxalic acid. But the viscosity of
mixture solution decreases only up to the 0.004 M concentration of oxalic acid
& afterward it shows an increasing trend. The process of urination can
be defined as (a) process of progressive and rapid increases of pressure (b) a
period of sustained pressure and (c) return of pressure to the basal tonic
pressure of the bladder4. In the urinary bladder, urine is collected
from the kidney by ureters and this collection of urine is drop by drop. These
ureters are tubular structures of smooth muscles and are to prevent back flow
of urine when pressure builds up in the bladder during the micturition. As
urine collects, the bladder wall gets stretched due to increased pressure. At
the time of micturition the contraction of detrusor muscles empty the bladder.
During the normal functioning of the bladder, there is a proper generation of
micturition waves and micturition reflex. In terms of electro kinetic
measurements, the process of urination may be given as follows- As the pressure develops in
the bladder, streaming potential is developed which in turns produce streaming
current. The streaming current is probably responsible for micturition waves
and finally micturition reflex. At the time of micturition reflex, pressure of
bladder becomes almost zero and thus streaming potential and streaming current
tends to at a minimum. This is a continuous process and thus phenomena are
generative. In other words, it may be
stated that the electrical energy due to streaming potential and streaming
current is converted into mechanical action i.e., expulsion of urine in order
to overcome the effect of electrical energy on the urinary bladder. Such an
action is the combined effect of pressure and electrical potential gradient
acting on the membrane. The proper functioning of the bladder means maximum
chances of voiding and minimum residual urine in the bladder. The transport behavior of urine
depends upon the constituents of urine. The various constituents of urine
affeet the bladder membrane interface and thus proper function and normal
generation of micturition waves and micturition reflex. Continuous presence of
acidic urine in the bladder ruptures the bladder mucosal layer and increases
the adherence of uric acid crystals16 if present in the urine
and thus leads to ineffective functioning of the bladder. The sluggish flushing
action of the bladder may allow time for precipitation of crystal from
supersaturated urine besides the chances of infection. The proper functioning
of the bladder depends upon the interaction of urinary constituents with the
urinary bladder membrane. The continued presence of supersaturated urine with
oxalic acid leads to its adsorption on the bladder membrane interface. As a
result of which it loses its distention power. Since expulsion of urine is
related with the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical work, more
energy is required to expel urine saturated with stone forming material, the
oxalic acid. This fact is also supported by
to values of conversion efficiency maximum [nmax] and degree of
coupling (q) given in table II & I. Low values of degree of coupling (q)
indicate the less tightly coupled membrane permeant system. The increase of
oxalic acid in urine tends to reduce the polarization power of the urinary
bladder membrane, which ultimately leads to the formation of urinary calculi in
the urinary bladder itself. Although the whole process is quite complex, and
urine usually undergoes changes in its composition, measurements of physical
properties may be of some help in analyzing the changes taking place.
The density of urine
oxalic-acid mixture solution shows a decreasing trend with increasing concentration
of oxalic acid. This can be related with osmotic diureter nature of oxalic
acid. The viscosity of the solution represents the interaction between solute
and solvent. From table III, it is clear that the viscosity of urine-oxalic
acid solution decreases only 0.004 M concentration of oxalic acid. And
afterward it starts to increase with increasing concentration of oxalic acid. |
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Conclusion |
Thus it can be concluded that the proper functioning of the urinary bladder will be maintained only up to 0.004 M concentration of oxalic acid present in urine. Afterward due to reduction in polarization power of the urinary bladder, a sluggish flushing action is developed in the bladder, which ultimately leads to the formation of urinary stones in the urinary bladder itself. The decrease in surface tension with increasing concentration of oxalic acid in urine oxalic-acid mixture solution also develops the chances of adsorption16 on the bladder surface. The measurement of surface tension is also quite important as measurement of interfacial tension is related with the potential difference across the interface(17-20). Since the surface tension decreases with increasing concentration, electrical potential will also decrease. Electrical potential across the interface is found to be proportional to electro-osmosis and streaming potential. Mixing of oxalic acid and urine is an exothermic process. With increasing concentration of oxalic acid, the temperature of mixing shows an increasing trend which also suggests the chances of crystallization due to poor miscibility. |
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Acknowledgement | Authors are highly thankful to prof. M.L. Srivastava, Ex-Head, Department of chemistry, and Dean, Science faculty, D.D.U Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, (U.P) India. Valuable suggestion and support obtained from Prof. A.K. Jain (Retd.) chemistry department, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur and Dr. P.C. Shukla (Retd.), Chemistry Department, St. Andrew’s college, Gorakhpur (U.P) India during the preparation of this manuscript have cordially been acknowledged. Last but not least authors are also thankful to college authority for providing necessary facilities. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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