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| The Effect of Age Difference And Gender Difference on Psychological Wellbeing of Tuberculosis Patients | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
15764 Submission Date :
2022-03-04 Acceptance Date :
2022-03-14 Publication Date :
2022-03-22
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| Abstract |
The present investigation was an attempt to explore the effect of the age difference and gender difference on the psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients. The independent variable was age difference and gender difference whereas the dependent variable was psychological well-being. The sample of the study consisted of 60 (30 male and female with the age range of 20-35 years and 30 male and female with age range 36-65 years) subjects. The subjects were tuberculosis patients taking medical aid from various physicians of Meerut city. The sample was selected through the purposive sampling technique. Thus, a 2x2 factorial design was used in the research. For data collection, Psychological Will-Being Scale constructed by Dr. Devendra Singh Sisodia & Miss. Pooja Choudhary was used as the research tool. The results were calculated through mean and two-way ANOVA. The results indicated that a significant effect of age difference was found on the psychological wellbeing of tuberculosis patients (f= 5.93, p<.01) but no significant effect of gender difference was found on the psychological wellbeing of tuberculosis patients (f= 1.657). The results also indicated that there was no significant interaction effect of age and gender found on the psychological wellbeing of tuberculosis patients (f= 0.830). The results revealed that males and females of 36-65 years had higher level of psychological well-being than the subjects of 20-35 years age group. Thus, it can be said that age difference affects the psychological wellbeing of tuberculosis patients. Younger patients were found to have less psychological well-being than older tuberculosis patients. Males were found to be healthier than females but the difference was not significant.
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| Keywords | Age, Gender, Psychological Wellbeing, Tuberculosis.emotional Health. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Wellbeing is a satisfactory state that someone or something should be in that involves such things as being happy, healthy and safe and having enough money.
Psychological Wellbeing is a type of wellbeing that provides useful frameworks for conceptualizing human functioning. Psychological Wellbeing refers to the achievement of one’s full psychological potential. Self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy and positive relations with other are six components of Ryff’s conceptualization of positive functioning.
The Ryff measure taps 6 core dimension of psychological well-being that are self-acceptance, or positive attitudes toward oneself; positive relation with others, including the ability to achieve close union with others; autonomy, including qualities of self-determination, independence, and the regulation of behavior from within; environmental mastery, with is the individual’s ability to engage in, and manage, activities in one’s surrounding world; purpose in life, including the beliefs that give one the feeling that there is purpose in and meaning of life; and personal growth, which represents one’s continual development and striving to realize one’s potential to grow and expand as a person. Having a positive psychological well-being (PWB) is crucial for successfully navigating a new environment, engaging in meaningful relationships, and realizing one's fullest potential throughout one’s lifespan (Allport, 1961; Erickson, 1959; Maslow, 1968; 5 Rogers, 1961; Ryff, 1989).
Gender differences in Psychological well-being are important because of the many efforts being made in contemporary society to empower all individuals to achieve self-actualization and utilise their full potential. In a post-feminist context this incorporates the idea of an “equal opportunities” society; yet social stereotypes still remain (Connors, 1990; Eagly, 1987; Turner &Sterk, 1994). All people are equal but not identical, and the possible differences between people need to be considered in order to empower all individuals to achieve self-actualisation and to fulfil their potential (thereby promoting optimal psychological well-being), whilst being offered equal opportunities.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a multisystem infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (or TB), a rod-shaped bacterium. TB (TB may stand for the disease or the bacteria that cause the disease) is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide. TB has likely been infecting humans for many centuries; evidence of TB infections has been found in cadavers that date back to about 8000 BC. The Greeks termed it as a wasting away disease (phthisis). For many European countries, TB caused death in about 25% of adults and was the leading cause of death in the U.S. until the early 1900s.
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| Objective of study | 1. To study the effect age difference on psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients.
2. To study of gender difference on psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients.
3. To study the interaction effect of age difference and gender difference on psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients. |
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| Review of Literature |
Patients with tuberculosis usually have a poor quality of life and an increased risk of developing depression. Quality of life can also affect treatment compliance for tuberculosis patients. Social support, age and education all contribute to the quality of life of tuberculosis patients.
Lin C.Y., chen T.C., Lu P.L. and etal. (2013) examined the demographic and clinical factors associated with an increased risk of concurrent extra- pulmonary disease in patients with pulmonary and found that women were more likely than men to have concurrent extra pulmonary and there were no significant gender difference in extra pulmonary TB for patients younger than 45 year in either database. The patients 45 yaer and older, women were more likely than men to have concurrent extra pulmonary TB.
Sabawoon W. and Hajime S. (2012) examined the sex difference in the incidence of smear – positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Afganistan and found that out of 9,949 TB cases 3,131 were male and 6,818 were female.in all age groups below than 65, females were higher than men.
Mayordomo et al. (2016) conducted a study with more than 700 participants distributed in three different age groups—young people, adults, and older adults—which revealed that there were no significant differences in autonomy between adults and older adults on Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale, although both groups scored higher than the group of young people.
Psychological well-being develops to the extent that individuals can interact well with their environment and accept significant challenges inherent in different stages of life (Vera Villarroel et al., 2013; Bluth et al. , 2017; Gómez Lópezet al., 2019).
Barbosa and Wagner (2015) found that a group of older youths are finding a higher degree of autonomy. Barbosa and Wagner (2015) found that a group of older youths are finding a higher degree of autonomy. |
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| Methodology | Psychological Wellbeing Scale developed by Dr. Devendra Singh Sisodia & Miss. Pooja Choudhary. |
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| Sampling |
The sample of the study consisted of 60 subject with age ranging20-35 and 36-65 years. The subjects were male & female from different places of Meerut city. The sample was selected through purposive sampling.
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| Statistics Used in the Study | 1.
Mean 2.
2x2 ANOVA
3.
Graphical representation of
groups on the basis of mean |
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| Result and Discussion |
The
results are presented in table given below: Table No-1 Showings Mean Score of age difference and gender difference on psychological wellbeing of tuberculosis patients
Bar graph presented also depicts the difference in psychological well-being of all four groups.  Table No-2
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| Conclusion |
On the basis of result it can be concluded, that:
1. A statistically significant main effect of age difference and gender difference on psychological well-being on tuberculosis patients. The null hypothesis that there will be no significant effect of age difference on psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients has been rejected.
2. A statistically no-significant main effect of gender difference on psychological well-being on tuberculosis patients. The null hypothesis that there will be no significant effect of gender difference on psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients has been accepted.
3. A statistically no- significant interactional effect of age difference and gender on psychological well-being in tuberculosis patients. The null hypothesis that there will be no significant interaction effect of age difference and gender difference on psychological well-being of tuberculosis patients has been rejected. |
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| Suggestions for the future Study | It is suggested that this study consisted of a sample of 20-65 years only. But now a day, life has been affected by the pandemic, so, the wellbeing of all has been affected. Everyone has a high risk of getting suffered from covid -19. The psychological well-being of the covid warriors can also be studied. The data is small so the data can be collected from a large area so that generalization can be possible. The age group can be modified by selection. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acknowledgement | Researcher is thankful to all the physicians and patients who allowed their patients to participate in the research.And Ms.Laxmi Pal for all te co-operation in the data collection. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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