Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system to develop protection from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body’s adaptive immunity, they help to prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity protects those who may be immune compromised and unable to vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them.Vaccination's effectiveness has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of disease for example tetanus from much of the world (Report of NHRM, 2003). The first disease people tried to prevent by inoculation was most likely smallpox, with the first recorded use of violation occurring in the 16th century in China. It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced. Although at least, six people had used the same principles year earlier. The smallpox vaccine was invented in 1796 by English physician Edward Jenner. He was the first to publish evidence that it was effective and provide advice on its production. Louis Pasteur furthered the concept vaccination through his work in microbiology. The immunization was called vaccination because it was derived from a virus affecting cows. Smallpox was a contagious and deadly disease, causing the deaths of 20-60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children. When smallpox was finally eradicated in 1979, it had already killed an estimated 300-500 million people in the 20th century. The promotion of health is social and individual responsibility. It has been known that 5 million children were dying each year and another 5 million were disabled by infectious disease (Journal of WHO, 2001). The growth of children is a long term contribution of country as a whole. The key to attain the goal of health for all primary health care emphasizes on the preventive principles. One of the most cost effective health interventions is vaccine for all infectious disease. Immunization is a high priority area in care of infants and children. High immunization rates have almost eliminated many infectious diseases which used to decimate sizable of the population for countries. A number of deadly and disabling infectious diseases can be prevented by timely administration of vaccines. When child is effectively immunized at the right age, most of the diseases are either entirely prevented or at least modified so that child suffer from a mild disease without any disability (Wong’s, 2007). Immunization is one of the most effective, safest & efficient Public Health Interventions. While the impact of vaccination on childhood morbidity & mortality has been great, full potential, has not yet been reached. Still, Thousands of children die from Vaccine-preventable diseases each year (Haneef et al.,2006) Childhood Vaccination- Childhood vaccination is one of the important public health policies of the government of India, which has the potential to affect millions of lives. However, this important health aspect has only in recent times seen increased government investment. With the introduction of newer vaccines in several states, the nationwide UIP is about to be further expanded eventually to include these newer antigens. While the pros and cons of introduction of each new vaccine into the childhood immunization programme has been hotly debated, what is pertinent is that the government has chosen to increase the bouquet of vaccines being offered without trying to increase the bouquet of vaccines being offered without trying to increase the immunization coverage which is presently only around 44%. The proponents of a national vaccination policy have questioned the government’s move while also stressing on the importance of having quality data on disease burden and associated factors before pushing for the introduction of newer vaccines into the vaccination programme. Vaccination and immunization have a similar meaning in everyday language. This is distinct from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens. Vaccination efforts have been met with some reluctance on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, and religious grounds, although no major religions oppose vaccination, and some consider it an obligation due to the potential to save lives. In the United States, people may receive compensation for alleged injuries under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Programme. Early success brought widespread acceptance, and mass vaccination campaigns have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions. Immunization Programme in India:- India introduced EPI programme in the year 1978 with only four vaccines (BCG, DTP, OPV, typhoid) but the access was limited to urban areas. The program was re-introduced in 1985under the banner of UIP and expanded the reach to the entire country and added one more vaccine measles. In spite of all positive changes, there are some ongoing challenges and short coming in the programme – NIP of India has only nine vaccines (BCG, Hepatitis B, OPV, DPT, IPV, DPT, TT, MR, JE & Rotavirus vaccine).

1. Andre ...et al.(2008) studied that vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide.

2. Gust...et al.(2008) pointed why few people express hesitancy because they lack information about vaccination.

3.Sypsa...et al. (2009) studied about public perceptions in relation to intention to receive pandemic influenza vaccination.

4. Forster...et al. (2009), examined the prevalence and predictors of the belief that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination will result in “risk compensation,” that is, will increase risky sexual behavior .

5. S Pandav ...et al. (2010) determine the coverage of childhood immunization appropriate for age among socioeconomically disadvantaged rural-urban migrants.

6. Abhishek Kumar & Sanjay K Mohanty, (2011) examined to socio-economic differentials in coverage of basic childhood vaccination.

7. Leach and Fairhead, (2012) examined anxieties emerging as highly globalized vaccine technologies and technocracies encounter the deeply intimate personal and social worlds of parenting and childcare, and how these are part of transforming science-society relations.

8. Julie Leask ...et. al. (2012) examined a critical factor shaping parental attitudes to vaccination is the parent’s interactions with health professionals.

9. C. Zenobia ...et al. (2012) examined the women’s knowledge of an attitudes toward HPV vaccination.

10. Gafenaite ...et. al. (2012) aimed to identify the most important determinants of refusing the vaccination. Two thousand parents of girls born in 1996 targeted for HPV vaccination received an invitation letter to participate in a questionnaire study.

11. Cairns ...et al. (2013) conducted a systematic review that aimed to map current practice and identify effective practice in promotional communications for seasonal influenza vaccination in Europe.

12. P. Rossi...et al. (2013) designed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of Italian mothers concerning the immunization of infants.

13. J. Mark...et al. (2014) described evidence about the broader economic benefits of vaccination and immunization programs were reviewed.

14. Reema Mukherji and Atul Kotwal (2017) carried out to estimate the awareness regarding newer vaccines introduced in the vaccination programme in the state of Delhi among parents attending the immunization clinic in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi and to assess the acceptability of the newer vaccines.

15. R. Jessica ...et al. (2018) studied to understand, from the perspective of the professional, the Permanent Education (PE) in the vaccination room in its real context.

16. Paolo Bonanni ...et. al. (2019) studied about childhood vaccination's impact of different public health policies.

17. Kevin Estep, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Cultural and social studies in Creighton’s college of Arts and Science, and Pierce Greenberg, PhD, also an assistant professor in the department, published “Opting out: Individualism and vaccine Refusal in Pockets of socioeconomic Homogeneity” in the article appeared in print in reportthe journal’s December 2020 issue.