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Due to the unavailability of surface water people of Nayabas village are dependent on groundwater.This study deals with the Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater of Nayabas village of Neemkathana block is taken to evaluate its suitability for potable purposes. For the assessment period from Jan-2022 to Dec-2022, groundwater samples were collected from the bore well for analysis of parameters pH, total hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, fluoride, and TDS. Methods were used as suggested by BIS (IS 10500: 2012) standard for the estimation of acceptable limits and permissible limits. Results for total hardness, total alkalinity and TDS parameters were above the acceptable limit. Correlation analysis of parameters is of a moderate degree. The value of any parameter is more or less than the selected standard, then the sample is contaminated, so the groundwater of Nayabas village is found not suitable for human health for the assessment period.

Water is an essential compound to survive on the earth, and its composition for various physicochemical parameters should be balanced, but due to anthropogenic and geogenic factors, its composition in most areas of the world drastically changed. In India also for most of the part of country mining of stone in open-cast now playing a major role to change the composition of groundwater for different parameters. In Rajasthan state Aravali hills is the main part of mining for different kind of minerals, as Sikar districts, Neemkathana block also a part of Aravali hills so here also a huge no of stone mines are operated and in some part of the block agricultural activities. Groundwater table due to arid zone and mining activities going more below day by day, and the quality of groundwater is continuously going to be poorer. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of open –cast mining in the village groundwater sources.

Study Area

Figure 1: Nyabas village Neemkathana block (source: election commission)

The geographical coordinates of Nayabas village are 27.993528°N74.956452°E,the geographical area of the village is 404.64hectares, and total population is 3185. Neemkathana is the nearest town to Nayabas village which is 6 km away. The Hydrological formation of Neemkathana block is quartzite and older alluvium, hydrological formation of Nayabas village is quartzite. 

Material and Methods

Table 1: List of Parameters and Methods of Determination

Parameters	Methods of determination
pH	pH Meter
TH(mg/l)	EDTA Method
Ca(mg/l)	Titration Method
Mg(mg/l)	Titration Method
TDS(mg/l)	Potentiometric Method
F-(mg/l)	UVS pectrophotometric Method
SO42-(mg/l)	Turbidmeter Method
NO3-(mg/l)	Spectrophotometer

Assessment of groundwater of Nayabas village in Neemkathana block

Groundwater samples of Sirohi village were collected from Month of Jan-2020 to Dec-2020 and tested for different Physico-chemical parameters. The results of Physico-chemical parameters are shown in table 2

Table 2 Water testing data of Nayabas village in Neemkathana block

pH

 

Figure 1: pH of groundwater in Nayabas village of Neemkathana block

Figure 1 shows that the pH of the groundwater of Nayabas village found within (BIS IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 6.5 – 8.5 for the assessment period from Jan-2022 to Dec-2022. A minimum of 7.6 was observed in the month of Jan-2022, and a maximum of 8.0 was observed in the month of July and Sept- 2022.

Total alkalinity

 

Figure 2: Total alkalinity in groundwater of Nayabas village in Neemkathana block

Figure 2 shows results for the assessment period from Jan-2022 to Dec-2022 of the total alkalinity for the groundwater, was found beyond the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 200 mg/L, but all the results are within the permissible limit of 600 mg/L, the results of the test indicate that the value is maximum 320 mg/L in the month of Jan, March and Sept-2022 while minimum295 mg/L in the month of June- 2022.

Total hardness

 

Figure 3: Total hardness in groundwater of Nayabas village in Neemkathana block

Figure 3 shows the assessment of the parameter total hardness for the assessment period, and the results state that this parameter was found more than the BIS standard. The maximum total hardness of 410 mg/L was found in the month of Jan and march- 2022 and the minimum total hardness of 364 mg/L is observed in the month of Aug- 2022.

Chloride

 

Figure 4: Chloride in groundwater of Nayabas village in Neemkathana block

Figure 4 shows that the maximum chloride 125 mg/L was found in the month of June and Dec-2022 and the minimum chloride concentration105 mg/L is observed in the month of Feb-2022. The chloride concentration of groundwater in the Nayabas village was observed within the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 250 mg/L.

Sulphate

 

Figure 5: Sulphate in water of Nayabas village of Neemkathana block

Figure 5 shows that the maximum sulphate 47 mg/L was found in the month of March-2022 and the minimum of 41 mg/L sulphate is found in the month of June-2022. The sulphate concentration in groundwater of Nayabas village is observed within the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 200 mg/L.

Nitrate

 

Figure 6: Nitrate in groundwater of NAYABAS village in Neemkathana block

Figure 6 shows that a maximum nitrate of 36 mg/L was found in the month of March 2022 and a minimum 27 mg/L nitrate is found in the month of March 2022. Test result reveals that the nitrate concentration of groundwater in the Nayabas village observed are within the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 45 mg/L. 

Fluoride

 

Figure 7: Fluoride in groundwater of Nayabas village of Neemkathana block

Figure 7 shows that the fluoride concentration variation for the assessment period Jan 22 to Dec 22 is 0.76 mg/L -1mg/L. The maximum fluoride of 1.0 mg/L was found in the month of Aug-2022 and the minimum fluoride of 0.76 mg/L is found in the month of Feb -2022. The concentration of the parameter is within the acceptance limit.

Total Dissolved Solids

 

Figure 8: TDS in groundwater of Nayabas village of Neemkathana block

Figure 8 shows that the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) variation for the assessment period Jan 2022 to Dec-2022 is 1490 mg/L-1525 mg/L. The maximum TDS 1525 mg/L found in the month of Dec2022 and the minimum TDS of 1490 mg/L is found in the month of June 2022. The test result reveals that the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the groundwater of the Nayabas village was observed higher than the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 500 mg/L.

Correlation Analysis

It identifies as well as visualizes the patterns in the large dataset, so seems to be a powerful tool to summarize a huge dataset (CFI Education Inc., 2015 to 2022). How strongly the two variables relate to each other in terms of both magnitude and direction can be concluded by the use of Correlation analysis. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation reveals the relationship between two parameters, which can have negative or positive, or zero values. It ranges from -1 to +1. Value zero indicates no relationship between the given parameters.

Table 3: Correlation matrix for groundwater in Nayabas Village

Correlation Matrix for groundwater in Nayabas Village
Parameter	pH	Total alkalinity	Total hardness	Cl-	SO4-2	NO3-	F -	TDS
pH	1.00
Total alkalinity	0.00	1.00
Total hardness	-0.16	0.33	1.00
Cl-	0.44	-0.30	-0.52	1.00
SO4-2	-0.24	-0.07	0.21	0.02	1.00
NO3-	0.04	0.13	0.00	-0.12	-0.61	1.00
F -	0.30	-0.35	-0.63	0.62	-0.20	0.33	1.00
TDS	0.05	-0.44	0.03	0.31	0.21	0.15	0.43	1.00

A moderate degree of positive relationship was observed for (F^-–Cl^- and moderate degree of negative relationship was observed for (Total hardness - NO₃^-), and (Total hardness- F^-).

We help by the assessment of groundwater quality to countries to protect and restore freshwater ecosystems to sustain their services for generations to come. Anthropogenic, and geogenic factors continuously deteriorate the quality of groundwater in most of the areas of the Neemkathana block. The hydrogeological formation of the block is quartzite and older alluvium so some area of the block is highly irrigated so large-scale agricultural activities are in common and the mining of stones in another area. As a result anthropogenic, and geogenic factors create deterioration of the limited groundwater resources at a large scale.The total alkalinity, total hardness, fluoride, and TDS for the groundwater of Nayabas village were found beyond the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit. Correlation analysis of parameters is of a moderate degree so the change in the parameters is independent of each other. The present study will be helpful for the state body to monitor the quality of the selected source of drinking water.

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