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Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater of Neemod village of Neemkathana block is taken to evaluate its suitability for domestic use. Groundwater samples were collected from the bore well for the assessment period from Jan-2022 to Dec-2022. Physico-chemical parameters are selected: pH, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, fluoride, and TDS. Methods were used as suggested by BIS (IS 10500: 2012 estimation of acceptable limits and permissible limits for selected parameters.

Large scale open cast mining creating huge problems to ecosystem of the block. Fine dust particles percolating upto aquifer system and changing the quality of groundwater and portability of water continuously decreasing. Present study will provide important information to villagers.

Britannica the world's most important dictionary has defined water "A substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances. Indeed, the versatility of water as a solvent is essential to living organisms" (Zumdahl, 2021).

Amnate (2009) states that the total volume of water on the earth is 1.386 billion km³ which comprises of 97.5% salty water and 2.5% fresh water (can be used for drinking), and only 0.3% of water is in liquid phase and other 99.70% of water is in solid (ICE) phase on the earth.

Table1:  Hydrogeological Formation of Neemkathana Block

S.No.	Village	Hydrological Formation
1	Guhala	Older Alluvium
2	Tiwari Ka Bas	Older Alluvium
3	Sirohi	Older Alluvium
4	Bhagoth	Older Alluvium
5	Guhala	Older Alluvium
6	Cheeplata	Quartzite
7	Ganwari	Quartzite
8	Kishanpura	Quartzite
9	Mahawa	Quartzite
10	Mawanda Kalan	Quartzite
11	Nayabas	Quartzite
12	Neemod	Quartzite
13	Sanwalpura Tanwran	Quartzite
14	Gordhanpura	Quartzite
15	Mawanda Kalan	Quartzite
16	Mahawa	Quartzite
17	Mandoli	Quartzite
18	Ajmeri	Quartzite

Table 1 shows the hydrological formations of the Neemkathana block, which is almost quartzite which is a metamorphic rock, and in the remaining is older alluvium. Metamorphic rocks are rich in minerals containing fluoride (Johns et al., 1967; Frencken, 1992). 

In India, water quality standards were first published in 1983. Second revision (IS -10500: 2012) with the objective of assessing the quality of given water resources and checking the water treatment, which is in alignment with available specifications, with both acceptable and permissible limits.

The Bureau of Indian Standards, developed Indian standards for drinking water BIS(SI 10500:2012), which consists of six tables as Organoleptic and Physical Parameters, General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts, Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances, Parameters Concerning Radioactive Substances, Pesticide Residues Limits, and Test Method and Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water.

Study Area

Geographical location Neemod village 27.2475° N, 74.7850° E with area of 1435 hectares and a population is 1873. As surface water is unavailable so peoples are dependent on groundwater. The distance between the village from Neemkathana is 7km.

Material and Methods

Table 2: List of Parameters and Methods of Determination

Parameters	Methods of determination
pH	pH Meter
TH (mg/L)	EDTA Method
Ca (mg/L)	Titration Method
Mg (mg/L)	Titration Method
TDS (mg/L)	Potentiometric Method
F- (mg/L)	UV Spectrophotometric Method
SO42- (mg/L)	Turbid meter Method
NO3- (mg/L)	Spectrophotometer

Assessment of groundwater of Neemod village in Neemkathana block

Groundwater samples from Neemod village were collected for the assessment period of Jan-2022 to Dec-2022 and analyzed for selected physico-chemical parameters. The results of physico-chemical parameters shown in the table3.

pH

 

Figure 1: pH of groundwater in Neemod village of Neemkathana block

Figure 1 shows that the pH of the groundwater of Neemod village found within (BIS IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 6.5 – 8.5 for the assessment year from Jan-2022 to Dec-2022. A minimum of 7.5, and a maximum of 8.0.

Total alkalinity

 

Figure 2: Total alkalinity in groundwater of Neemod village in Neemkathana block

Figure 2 shows that the total alkalinity for the groundwater of Neemod village was found beyond the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 200 mg/L, but all the results are within the permissible limit of 600 mg/L, the results of the test indicate that the value is maximum 394 mg/L while minimum345 mg/L.

Total hardness

 

Figure 3: Total hardness of groundwater in Neemod village of Neemkathana block

Figure 3 shows the assessment of parameter total hardness for the assessment period and the results state that this parameter was found more than the BIS standard. the maximum total hardness of 300 mg/L and the minimum total hardness of 315 mg/L.

Chloride

 

Figure 4: Chloride in groundwater of Neemod village in Neemkathana block

Figure 4 shows that the maximum chloride 115 mg/L and the minimum chloride concentration 89 mg/L is observed. The chloride concentration of groundwater in the Neemod village was observed within the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 250 mg/L.

Sulphate

Figure 5: Sulphate in water of Neemod village of Neemkathana block

Figure 5 shows that the maximum sulphate 47 mg/L was found in the month of Sept-2022 and the minimum of 35 mg/L sulphate is found in the month of April, and Dec-2022. The sulphate concentration in groundwater of Neemod village is observed higher than the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 200 mg/L. 

Nitrate

 

Figure 6: Nitrate in groundwater of Neemod village in Neemkathana block

Figure 6 shows that maximum nitrate 73 mg/ and the minimum 47 mg/L. Test result reveals that the nitrate concentration of groundwater in the Neemod village observed are within the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 47 mg/L.                                               

Fluoride

 

Figure 7: Fluoride in groundwater of Neemod village of Neemkathana block

Figure 7 shows that the maximum fluoride 0.98 mg/L found in the month of Dec-2022 and the minimum fluoride 0.7/mg/L.

Total Dissolved Solids

 

Figure 8: TDS in groundwater of Neemod village of Neemkathana block

Figure 8 shows that the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) variation for the assessment period Jan 2022 to Dec-2022 is 901 mg/L-992 mg/L. Test result reveals that the total dissolved solid (TDS) in the groundwater of the Neemod village observed higher than the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit of 500 mg/L.

Some areas of the Neemkathana block is rich of minerals, and large area covers open cast mining Anthropogenic, and geogenic are both factors deteriorating the quality of groundwater. The total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate, fluoride, and TDS for the groundwater of Neemod village were found beyond the BIS (IS 10500: 2012) acceptable limit. The present study for the groundwater parameters will be helpful for the villagers to monitor the quality of the selected source for drinking water.

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