|
|||||||
A Critical Review Chapter Seventeen of the Odia Novel Basanti | |||||||
Paper Id :
16976 Submission Date :
2023-01-13 Acceptance Date :
2023-01-24 Publication Date :
2023-01-25
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For verification of this paper, please visit on
http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/innovation.php#8
|
|||||||
| |||||||
Abstract |
Basanti as a novel has received momentum for being written in a joint authorship of twelve writers. The novel contains thirty chapters and each chapter has its own importance. Chapter seventeen has a rural setup and depicts the typical life of a newly married woman who is both beautiful and intellectual, but the stereotyped society is not able to accept the life style of an educated lady in such an era where educating the girls is regarded as intervening the norms of a perfect traditional society. In such regard Basanti, the protagonist shares her feelings to her bosom friend through a letter. The character Nishamani is verbally victimised by the village ladies for supporting Basanti in educating the girls of the village. The chapter also envisions the sprouting suspicion of Debabrata, Basanti’s husband, which is an integral plot of entire novel.
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keywords | Basanti, Debabrata, Novel, Feminism, Translation | ||||||
Introduction |
The Chapter presents the major characters Basanti, her husband Debabrata, her mother-in-law mentioned as Deba’s mother, her friend (Boula) Sunitee and the maid Saniamaa. The minor characters who are the village women engrossed in an intimate conversation at the bathing ghat are introduced and have received importance only in this chapter.
Published in the year 1930 when the term feminism was not even coined, as this chapter shows the heroine of the novel Basanti has struggled a lot to impart education to the girls facing the challenges of the society. Though her steps are highly feministic she is not at all an aggressive feminist. Being educated and beautiful she has never imposed her way of living on her family at her in-law’s place, rather has accepted the village lifestyle and always has tried her best to pleaser husband and mother-in-law. She has taken the help of Nishamani, the young girl to succeed in her efforts and ultimately Nishamnani and Basanti have become a topic of discussion for the village ladies. This Chapter has paved the way to keep the novel going by arousing a seed of doubt in Debabrata’s mind for Basanti.
|
||||||
Objective of study | The study proposes the psychological state of the protagonist Basanti after her marriage that she has revealed through a letter to her friend and simultaneously the typical chitchat at the bathing ghat of the village. |
||||||
Review of Literature | Though twelve writers have collaborated in
writing the novel, in the book only names of nine writers are mentioned. The
other three names are the pseudonyms used in the novel. Brahmananda Singh has
critically reviewed Basanti in his book Trutiya Nayana. Annada Shankar Ray has mentioned a few background glimpse
of the novel in his book Jivan Jouban. |
||||||
Main Text |
Basanti
was sitting on a chair in the drawing room upstairs, the lamp was burning
unsteadily offering minimal light – the window in front of her was laying open.
The time was around 12 o’clock night, the entire house was quiet and
motionless. Debabrata has gone to a close relative’s home, accepting his
invitation and has not yet returned. It
was the night of Aasadha month. The clamour in the village had stopped long
ago, it was drizzling, sometimes a flash of light was brightening up the window
glasses and was extinguished. The sky was covered with the dark clouds
interlaced tightly. The fireflies were playing amidst the mango trees in the
compound – the howling sound of the jackals was coming out from the outskirts
of the village, all these scenes assembled together had created the visual of a
bad day as per beliefs. The
dim light of the room had fallen on Basanti face. She was thinking a lot of
things, her lock of hair had become unkempt at the jerk of wind; but still she
was wiping her forehead repeatedly with the the border of her saree. ‘My
goodness, why am I not writing letters to my Boula!’ uttering this she closed
the front window, raised the wick of the lamp and dragged the chair near the
table. She brought the letter pad and started to write a letter after four
months! “My
dear Boula! I have got your letter since a long time, your eyes must have been
dried up waiting for my letter; isn’t it? You must have become angry – may be,
the thing which is the cheapest of all in this world, in that principle of
“misunderstanding”, you must have cursed me a lot. But Boula, what will I do,
you say? I don’t have that much strength to speak such a big lie that I have
not got a slight opportunity to write a letter within these four months; but
the fact is, the disposition that provokes a friend to write a letter to
another friend, I was lagging – and you know very well that I don’t like to
send a letter to a friend like you, just for the sake of formality. What more
will I tell you about myself? Oh! May be there is nothing more to repent than
carrying the burden of this life like a forced labourer! Here, I am writing you
a letter at this midnight, I feel, as if a sharp sword is hanging on my head,
and the unexpected dreadful sight of this sharp edge, at any moment may get
pierced into my head. May be I have never become so fretted for my coming future.
Whatever the almighty desires, everything depends on him. Do I seem to be so
fatalistic? You have written about my transformation, the change is inevitable
in a man’s life; the day, the hour that passed will never return back – again
comes another day and again another hour. Especially in case of the weak
people, my dear sister, the change is inevitable – that person has no strength.
May be it is natural or artificial, it does not like that, the change is always
for the good, it may be towards the worst. Leave that matter. “Yes,
my dear Boula flower! My fate has gone through many stormy situations and many
of my hopes and trust have been broken and mixed with dust. Yes, there is – the
only thing that remains is a forever hungry, powerless ambition – night and day
– day and night, only it is running in the futile hope of the success of its
ambition. But alas! Is there any way left to reach at that scarlet distant
horizon? You have written about my changes. Change will surely be there, my
Boula, are you not going through a change? Of course, I do agree that in many a
parts you are a small girl, for that reason the inevitable change of time has
not left its clear print on your body and mind. The youthful hopes and
aspirations along with its laughter and fun have brightened up your real world
under the magical realm of an unreal world. Do you know what the real world is?
The scorching heat of the summer afternoon – the hot barren land – I have only
come to its extreme edge. Though I am surrounded with the cool shelter of the
hopeful youth, but still coming to the slight edge of it, that heat seems like
burning – the simplicity of life is fading. You will say, your Boula is very
selfish. Yes – that she is accepting – she will accept hundred times. First
your own selfish motives should be fulfilled, so that, later on with that
fulfilment, she will share her happiness living with her family, society and
country, won’t she?” Debabrata’s
shoes sound was heard from the stairs of the staircase. Basanti felt
uncomfortable to write the letter with such an ease. “Many things remained to
write later on – write me back, take my love and regards. Yours.” Ending with
this in fearful hands, she sealed the envelope and while keeping it inside the
writing case, the letter fell down with a thud. By that time Debabrata had
reached at the doorstep; Basanti, seeing him, lifted the letter quickly and
keeping it inside the ‘case’, she locked that case. Basanti felt sad for
herself thinking there was no need to lock that case. Coming
inside the room, Debabrata noticed an unnecessary hesitant activeness of
Basanti and on top of that to lock the writing case out of fear keeping the
letter inside it! He wondered, why? Many days have passed, but Basanti has
never locked her case, even once out of negligence – what was her requirement
today to lock that case? Why did she lock the case in such a hurry seeing me?
What kind of thought does she have for this? Why, I have never shown, even
once, any type of my curiosity related to her letters – has she ever noticed
any cheap mentality of mine, for what, such type of unexpected hesitation
arouse in her mind? Is there any reason to think like this? Whom I have been
trusting a lot innocently, accepting as my most faithful person – have bestowed
my love – have never obstructed her knowingly or unknowingly, if her mind gets
depressed, my mind gets covered with darkness, still how can she consider me so
low? Why does she look at me with such mean eyes? As if I am a pirate for her –
I have taken birth to steal her happiness and peace. As if this is my sole
ambition. A
deep sigh of his aching heart, shivering his vast chest, is dissolved in the
air. He has no intention of uttering any word. Even after marking the reluctant
expression of Basanti, he felt extremely awkward for entering the room all of a
sudden. He
went to the bedroom keeping his kurta, shawl and shoes at the proper place – He
had forgotten to change his dhoti as he had become so alarmed for this small
incident. Again,
he was engrossed with the thoughts, lying on the bed. The incidents of his life
– his relationship with Basanti, many small and large matters disturbed his
mind. He thought, he has sacrificed a lot, between both of them – he has
suffered a lot and is disrespected by all for his wife only, but for who he has
sacrificed a lot making his heart strong like a stone – in return what has he
received from her? He is not a God; has he married her bearing such pain only
to offer her selfless prayer? Like others in the world, he is also born with
some amount of expectation to get in return what he gives, he also has the
desire to get something, but to what extent has Basanti fulfilled this greed?
He started to shout, “intolerable – I don’t have more strength to tolerate.”
His eyes started to burn – he did not know when he dozed off being restless. He
did not say Basanti to come to the bedroom – nobody knows, whether he hadn’t
said intentionally or had forgotten! In this small incident as if Basanti has
become insignificant for him. It
was around eight or half past eight o’clock in the morning. Usually at this
time near the pond side, the quarrelsome women of the village start their as
usual gossip. Assembled together and after reaching to its highest peak, it
gets ended without any obstruction. The daughter-in-laws would have completed
their bath and would have left before the daybreak. Those who come after them
one by one, they are the preceding members of that place of amusement. Everybody
address Mukuta Aunt as “Aunt”, Today is her turn of speech. The main topic is
Nishamani. “Due to extreme love and care of her parents that girl has become so
haughty, again since the day the daughter-in-law from Cuttack has come, from
that day the girl has completely become like a man. To respect the people in a
better way – to live the way the other girls live in the society, she doesn’t
know all these things; if you guide her about the decorum and ill manners, will
she obey it? Or she will dance of her own. Whoever will utter a word first, she
herself will burn out of shame.” Dama’s mother said, “What a reverse era has
come – nobody is looking at other’s face, even the small children are breaking
the fame. Many days have crossed on us coming here as daughters and wives – we
have been blessed with grandchildren, not a single individual has found any
error in our character. In our time, there was shyness and fear, now that is
totally uprooted.” Rami’s mother said, “Whoever will marry her, if that person
has no problem, then nothing is to say, who is waiting for the appreciation of
the villagers?” Mukuta Aunt said, “Yes, my dear, who praised the girl – the
answer is, none other than the son in law. These days if you don’t have
mother-in-law, father-in-law, sister-in-law, then it is better – even if one
has, who bothers to live as per their wishes?” Everybody lives for themselves.
What our daughters and daughter-in-laws used to be, don’t you see how they are
changed now – Now they have become completely selfish.” Rami’s mother said, “We
used to lay behind the doors for five to seven years and were getting tortured
– the mother-in-law had not heard our voices till their death. And when the
milkmen and barbers would come with gifts from our parents’ home at the festive
seasons and marriages, the letter that was sent to us by them, we used to hid
that in the kitchen. Were we getting so many letters? Who was giving us? We had
only known our father, brother or in addition to that, the villagers. If we
wanted to recite a book, in fear of others who might listen, we would recite it
closing the door. Now we are witnessing everything openly.” Mukuta Aunt said,
“If one daughter or daughter-in-law has turned out bad, will the girls of the
entire village be the same? Why are you sending your daughters to school, later
on you will repent? Oh my goodness! If you stared at those girls they would not
be able to utter a single word, but now if you order them to do anything, will
they take it to their ears?...” Interrupting her Dama’s mother said, “When they
eat full stomach, does the sun or moon look at them?” It’s time for school – Nishi sister will
chide us – sister in law will get annoyed – saying this they will run like a
kite as if somebody’s house is on fire, they will run who else can find them?”
Mukuta Aunt said, “You were blaming one, now everyone has turned out to be the
same. ‘Her own home is devoid of enlightenment, but my sister Padi speaks to
others in fashionable way.’” “No matter how much a girl learns, she is destined
to go to the fireplace.” Rukuna’s mother, though she is old but slightly
educated, has little bit idea of weaving and stitching, that’s why she has a
strong voice there. For that reason to slow down the discussion, she said,
“That’s true or what – but still, what happened if they learn weaving that has
appeared with variety in new fashion these days, this is a good thing.” Rami’s
mother said, “Are we dumb, blind or deaf that we don’t have that much
intelligence to differentiate between good and bad? Who will not say the good
as good?” Both Dama’s mother and Rukuna’s mother had a hidden dispute since a
long back – Dama’s mother showing her off said, “Be careful about your own
concerns: why should we take head ache at other’s words.” In
between Deba’s mother had reached there. Though she had not listened the discussion
from the beginning, she did not take much time to get the direction of the
discussion from the beginning, hearing the last words. Noticing her extreme
grave look – ‘the committee’ did not last entertaining towards the end. That
connection suddenly broke up when Deba’s mother reached there, the way they
were involved in a gossip wasting much time in washing their legs and hands
lazily. Deba’s
mother is a respectable figure for all the villagers starting from the members
of the committee to the viewers. Of course it is not because of her higher
nobility – the only reason is the hope to satisfy some selfish goals at any
time as she is the mistress of the only zamindar family. For any trivial
problem everyone comes to consult her. Easily nobody dares to speak on her face
and more over if anyone is related to her, then nothing is to say. It’s not
known why, though her family was abandoned by the villagers, since Debabrata’s
marriage, everyone’s sympathy has increased hundred times for Deba’s mother. They
all had rightly known to witness a suitable scene; but as the acting of the
mother-in-law and daughter-in-law as Rama and Ravana in the drama was not that
apt as expected, they could not get the chance of haunting. Failing to achieve
their goal their eyes started to search the other fault finally. Since the day,
Basanti’s school has been established, their aim was partially fulfilled. They
all had very well known this and even had got some clues that the mentality of
both mother-in-law and daughter-in-law is no more matching with each other.
Looking
at Deba’s mother’s grave face, at that time the wink game started among the
village married women. Understanding that their meeting will not last anymore
each one of them headed towards their home in a haste. Usually,
Deba’s mother take seven to eight minutes to complete her bath – seeing her
getting late today Saniamaa kept the Mathaa saree for changing on the side of
the pond and sitting there asked, “Saantani, how many hours will you bath
today? The new season water, you will catch cold and fever, why don’t you come
out?” “I
have to suffer a lot in this life – this life is not like a tip of the needle
so that it will be not that easy to live it.” Saniamaa had expected to hear
these exact words. She said, “Did you see Saantani – how much, taunts our ears
are not listening – our heart is not tolerating!” “My fate is burnt, what more did I hear? Till my last hour these ears will hear – this heart will tolerate. Those who were not able to speak in front of me, today they burst out on me seeing me in such a situation. The daughter-in-law may be good or bad, still she is mine. When her father-in-law was alive, he was capable enough to make both the tiger and deer drink water at the same ghat – since the day he has died, the house has lost its prosperity – the villagers started to sit on our head.” “Why are you thinking about that Saantani? Whatever the people thought, the almighty destined the same thing. If your daughter-in-law had lived in your words, would others have blamed her showing off like this, would we have tolerated turning into a stone – does anyone have that much guts to utter a single phrase! But who does bother your words more than the dirt under their feet, so that you will say someone?” “Like son, like the daughter-in-law.” Did anyone stay in my words, so that I can speak anyone of them? The time has also become shameless. Are the sons giving more priority to the words of traditional old women like us without staying in the words of their wives? How many days more shall we survive – expecting the days to come to an end – we are saying for their betterment – they will listen the things the rest days. We are not able to tolerate the offensive words people are saying about them, as we have survived like a bald tree – why are we not dying? Has our suffering come to an end, dear?” Saniamaa said pointing at Basanti in her absence, “it’s fine that you have completed your reading and writing – what was our requirement to gather the others’ daughters and to bear unnecessary slander from the enemies?” “I even told – made her understand – got irritated – but she did not take any of them to her ears, what more will I do Saniamaa? The more we have experienced this world being still illiterate, have they experienced that much?...” In between their conversation, Dhania came and said, “Saantani! As it has become too late, Bohu Saantani sent me to call you being so worried, come soon.” Deba’s mother worriedly asked, “Has Deba taken his food?” Dhania said, “The cook is waiting, completing the cooking, Deba babu was searching for you and he left for playing cards an hour ago to Braja Babu’s home.” “Daughter-in-law?” “Bohu Saantani and Nisha Dei were sitting together.” Saniamaa noticing slight cool temper of Saantani, with an intention to tempt her, said, “She had sent you! Can not she have her food and water without seeing her mother-in-law or may be that is why she drove you out in a hurry! Is this just to show off people or does she really care for? Hearing her daughter-in-law’s words Deba’s mother felt bit satisfied and said, “Okay, I am leaving.” Offering a palm full of water to sun Deba’s, mother returned back. |
||||||
Conclusion |
The chapter seventeen has its own relevance as it has showcased varied issues related to social life of that era. Starting from the expectations of a newly married woman to do something, going new against the contemporary society, and tolerating the whims of the illiterate villagers is clearly reflected in the chapter. It also casts the psychology of an educated woman who becomes submissive by suppressing her revolutionary thoughts to bring a change in the society specially for the upliftment of the rural girls. Though Basanti knows that her intentions are so apt, but still she curses her own self for reacting before her husband and mother-in-law. She has a spirit of a feminist but gives priority to her relationship. The chapter has given justice to each of the minor characters who are only seen in this chapter. Basanti's letter to her friend Suneeti reveals the psychological state of Basanti when she encounters a change in her life. The words are sheer utterance of her predicament that she has gone through after getting married while she feels a change in her life. She reacts and even wants to be selfish prioritising her own interest. Her revolutionary spirit is only exhibited in the letter, but she becomes more pragmatic on the very next moment and repents for her revolutionary attitude. |
||||||
References | 1. Blamires, Harry. A History of Literary Criticism. Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India Ltd., 1991.
2. Cronin, Michael. “Across the Lines: Travel, Language, Translation.” Cork: Cork University Press, 2000.
3. Das, Chittaranjan. A Glimpse into Odia Literature. Bhubaneswar: Sahitya Academy, 1982.
4. Kar, Bauribandhu. Odia Sahityara Itihas. Cuttack: Friends Publishers, 2011.
5. Kar, Biswanath. Ed. Basanti. Cuttack: New Students’ Store. 1997.
6. Mohanty, Sachidananda. The Lost World of Sarala Devi. OUP. 2016.
7. Paul St-Pierre and Prafulla C. Kar. Ed. In Translation - Reflections, Refractions, Transformations. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007.
8. Praharaj, Gopal Chandra. Purnachandra Bhasakosa. Cuttack: Bhasakosashram, 1933. |