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| Life Satisfaction Among Adolescents in Different Living Setup | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17099 Submission Date :
2023-02-03 Acceptance Date :
2023-02-18 Publication Date :
2023-02-24
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| Abstract |
Institutional care option for orphans though criticized is still necessary in most of the developing countries. There are different types of living setup in various residential institutions for orphans. Review on studies related to orphans revealed there is dearth of studies focusing on positive attributes of orphans. Life satisfaction considered as a psychological strength comprise of cognitive evaluation of the quality of one’s life overall and is component of subjective well being. Present study was taken up to find whether life satisfaction varied among orphan adolescents (Boys and Girls) living in general orphanages or orphanages which provide family setup and adolescents from intact families (comparison group).Total sample of 241 adolescents in the age range of 15-18 yrs. was drawn from SOS children’s village at Jaipur and Bhopal, various orphanages and schools in Jaipur. Satisfaction with life scale SWLS (Diener et.al,1985) was used to assess the level of life satisfaction. Analysis of variance was used to analyse data statistically. Statistically significant difference was found in the level of life satisfaction among adolescents in this study in terms of Living setup as well as gender.
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| Keywords | Orphans, Adolescents, Life Satisfaction, Living Setup. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Although it is a widely accepted fact that home is the best and right place for the children to grow and develop in, at times, home becomes functionally incapable to cater to the developmental needs of children due to unavoidable circumstances such as death of parents, poverty, war, terror, natural disasters like earthquake or tsunami, disease, disabilities, and abandonment of child born out of wed lock, etc. just to name a few. When family is unavailable for a child due to any reason he/she is included in the category of orphan.
Life satisfaction is viewed as the cognitive component of subjective well-being i.e.it involves the cognitive evaluation of the quality of one’s life overall. Although life satisfaction reflects the impact of life events and mood states, it also extends beyond the transitory nature of such influences (Diener et al. 1999). Overall feeling of life satisfaction is highly personalized as it is based on what a person values most ,it may be family for some ,relation with others, love, health, education, employment, income, personality, family , civil and human rights or money for others to state just a few. The less disparity one has between his desires and achievements, the higher the life satisfaction he/she will have. What circumstances are considered is also partly an expression of certain personality traits as people have been found to consistently choose the same accessible sources (Schimmack et al., 2002)
For adolescents Life satisfaction can be considered an important psychological strength that helps to facilitate adaptive development. And facilitates a number of positive outcomes, including less delinquency and aggression, fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression, higher school grades, and increased self-efficacy and self esteem (Gilman and Huebner 2006; Gilman et al. 2000; MacDonald et al. 2005; Suldo and Huebner 2006). On the other hand, a series of studies have identified individuals with low levels of life satisfaction but still display few psychopathological symptoms. (Antaramian et al.2010; Greenspoon and Saklofske 2001; Suldo and Shaffer 2008). All children, regardless of environmental or demographic variables, have the capacity to experience satisfaction with life and concentrating on bolstering this and other positive psychological competencies serves as an effective, preventative method for academic, social, and personal problems.(McCabe,Bray,,Kehle,Theodore &Gelbar 2011).
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| Objective of study | There is dearth of studies related to positive attributes of orphans particularly in India. In lieu of the call by experts to focus on positive psychology the present study was taken to study the positive strength of Life satisfaction among orphan adolescents residing in different types of residential setups ie.General orphanage ;orphanage with family setup and adolescents from intact family .
Proctor 2009 highlighted the need for more cross-cultural research on life satisfaction in adolescents which has led to studies on life satisfaction in India too, but orphans are still neglected so keeping in mind the suggestions by past researchers (Proctor et.al 2009) to assess the ability of LS measures to transcend across cultures and specific groups the study focused on comparing Life satisfaction among orphans and non orphans.
Along with the above objective the present study was taken up to find answer to:- (i) Is there any difference in the level of life satisfaction of adolescents in all three setups under study or in other words living within intact family or in orphanage influences an adolescents life satisfaction..(ii)Is there any difference in level of life satisfaction on basis of gender?
Objectives:-
1. To compare the difference between level of life satisfaction among three living setup ie. Normal family, Orphanage with family setp and General orphanage.
2. To compare gender wise difference between level of life satisfaction of the target group.
3. To investigate the interaction effect of living set up and Gender on level of life satisfaction of adolescents under study |
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| Review of Literature | Life satisfaction is a positive construct which is
likely to change and vary with gender and age during adolescence based on the
impact of developmental shifts, transitions, and challenges occurring in this
period (Derdikman, Indredavik, Bratberg, Taraldsen, & Colton . 2011).
Family was found to be one of the most important determinant for life
satisfaction among adolescents as seen in many studies (Heshmati et.al. 2021;
Antaramian, Huebner , Valois 2014: Kasprzak,2011 Ma and
Huebner 2008; Sastre, M. T. M., & Ferrière, G. 2000). In India adolescents are still dependent and attached to family as
revealed in study focused on studying impact of close knit family which
resulted in finding high life satisfaction among adolescents( Antaramian
et.al. 2015) . Review of studies on orphans
reveal that most of them focused on the problems and negative outcomes of
deprivation they encounter (Meena 2020; Kaur.R.et al2018; Ushanandini 2017) |
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| Sampling |
Participants under this study comprised of 241 adolescents
selected purposively on basis of availability from SOS children’s village
Jaipur and Bhopal (an Orphanage providing family setup with distinct households
having mother headed family and siblings);General orphanages within the city of
Jaipur and schools where the children of these orphanages go to study. Description of different living setups under study 1. Intact Family:
Children living in intact/normal families with parents and other
relatives. 2. Living setups in orphanages Orphanage with Family Setting
S.O.S. children village (SOSCV) which is the only orphanage
under study providing a family setting in separate households ,headed by mother
within the campus of village community.
Family comprise of mother and 7-8 siblings. General orphanage there is general institutionalized living set up. Children live in dormitories and looked after by hired staff for limited hours per day .So caretaker keep changing Inclusion criteria. Adolescents in the age range of 15 -18 yrs. (late adolescence) of both sexes residing in different setups under study.
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| Tools Used | Satisfaction with life scale SWLS (Ed Diener, Robert A. Emmons, Randy J. Larsen and Sharon Griffin. 1985) was used to assess level of life satisfaction of participants. The SWLS available online is a short 5-item instrument designed to measure global cognitive judgments of satisfaction with one's life. The scale usually requires only about one minute of a respondent's time. This five-item instrument is rated on a seven-point Likert scale, ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (7) strongly agree, where a higher score indicates higher life satisfaction. Total score range from 5-35. The coefficient alpha for the scale has ranged from .79 to .89, indicating that the scale has high internal consistency. The scale was also found to have good test-retest correlations (.84, .80 over a month interval). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Statistics Used in the Study | Two way Analysis of Variance with interaction effect was used
to know if there is any significant difference in level of Life satisfaction on
basis of living setup, gender and their interaction. |
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| Analysis | Table 1 Mean values and
SD for Level of Life satisfaction .
Table
:2 ANOVA: Level of Life satisfaction on basis of Gender
and type of living setup Tests of
Between-Subjects Effects
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| Result and Discussion |
As the first objective of study was to compare level of life satisfaction among adolescents in three living setup viz. intact family; orphanage with family setting and general orphanage. In the present study participants from general orphanage were found to have higher life satisfaction the reason may be coming from a poor and deprived environment they are happy and satisfied to get infrastructural facilities and opportunity to study which they couldn’t have pursued in their families, a fact revealed by participants during study. The findings of a previous study (Carlson 2006) support the findings .The study reported Satisfaction may be lower among adolescents in non-intact families if they have fewer resources available. In Single-parent families where it becomes difficult to maintain sufficient levels of social and economic resources tends to lower the life satisfaction of children. In the present study participants from general orphanage expressed they were happy to be there as they were able to pursue not only academics but also sports and other extracurricular activities which they could not have dreamt of while living with their extended family relatives. In general, a negative family environment is associated with decreased well-being. Life satisfaction is lower among youth who experience high conflict and disagreement with their parents and high family-related stress. Children from such families are happy to be in institutions. This may be the probable reason for higher life satisfaction among general orphanage group. The difference
between the level of life satisfaction of adolescents from general
orphanage and Orphanage with family setting in present study may be attributed
to the fact that most of the participants from SOSCV were inmates since early
infancy greater percentage came there soon after birth while the participants
from general orphanages were brought to orphanages after early childhood and
have vivid memories of their life before coming here ie to say they have
experience to compare life before coming to orphanages. Just as(Roberts &
Wood, 2006) stated “Family life is an important context within which daily
experiences occur and shape personality and patterns of family interactions
over time give rise to significant memories for the child and adolescent . These
memories are reflective of one’s lived experience and they have the power to
shape important aspects of the individual including personality and other
behavioural features” (McAdams & Adler, 2006; McAdams, Anyidoho, Brown,
Huang, Kaplan, & Machao, 2004; Roberts & Wood, 2006). The inmates
from SOSCV have been there since their earliest memory time hence set their
standard of expectations accordingly and life satisfaction is judged against
self set expectations .The result show they have more incongruence between
their expectation and achievement. The findings of
present study are in line with previous study by Gilman and Handwerk (2001) who
found among American institutionalized adolescents that shortly after arrival,
self-reports of LS were positive and that after several months improved across
a number of domains. Similarly, Gilman and Barry (2003) found decreases in
global LS after the first month of arrival into residential treatment, but this
was followed by significant increases across the next two months. These
findings suggest that adolescents may experience added stress upon first
entering a residential treatment facility, but following this their LS
increases due to the nature of the treatment and environment provided (Gilman
& Barry, 2003; cf. Schiff, Nebe, & Gilman, 2006).As the treatment and
environment of adolescents from general orphanage in current study rated
better by them in comparison to what they got before coming here leading their
scores on life satisfaction to be highest among the three groups.Hence
hypothesis no.1 proposing the impact of living setup on life satisfaction of
adolescents to be significant is accepted. The result of ANOVA
testing the proposition extended in hypothesis 2 stating
there will be significant difference in level of life satisfaction on basis of
gender was found to be correct as shown in Table 2 (p=0.00 < 0.05). The mean
values showed the level of life satisfaction to be high among females 24.30
> 22.29. Life satisfaction
during adolescence has been found to be associated with various factors related to
personality, environment and activity. Huebner (1991) found life
satisfaction to be positively associated with personality characteristics viz. self-esteem,
internal locus of control, and extraversion and negatively with anxiety and
neuroticism .The researcher also found satisfaction with family was more
strongly associated with life satisfaction than satisfaction with friends.
Similarly having purpose in life, close friends, academic achievement( Chui & Wong,
2016) self-esteem (Khatib 2013) social support (John, Adekunle, Jamal,&
Tashia 2011) were reported to be positively correlated to life satisfaction . Gender differences
in life satisfaction have been reported constantly with females having higher
level of life satisfaction than males (Hassan, Sadaf, Saeed &Idrees 2018;
Mosinki & ldemudia ,2012; Attiyah and Nasser 2016) .Noteworthy
point is females have been also found to have higher level of negative factors
associated with life satisfaction such as anxiety, loneliness, depression etc.
So a new query in the field of life satisfaction has arised –Are Women
Really Happier than Men? Montgomery (2016)on basis of Gallup's World
Poll analyze responses from about 46,000 people in 103 countries on life
satisfaction concluded that women report to be happier than men but doesn’t
feel happy. The dilemma may be due to women using the response scale
differently than men. May be women have a different set of reference points for
what kind of life deserves a 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 on the 1-5 scale. The researcher
analysed every respondent’s scale to one reference scale using the vignettes
and found the results to be reversed 150% concluding women actually are less
happy than men on average, with a gap of about -0.015. As the above
question needs to be tested empirically on a larger scale so the results of
present study are being discussed according the presently prevalent
view. The reason for higher life satisfaction among females in present
study may be their aspiration level being lower than males. In India sex
appropriate roles are well set though there is impact of modernization still
girls become happy with achievement of their self set standards. Moreover there
is preference for male sex in Indian society particularly in lower socio
economic status so when the resources are limited girls are the first to be
deprived of facilities in families so they are happy to be in orphanages(a fact
openly expressed by inmates of general orphanage) getting all their needs most
importantly getting proper education which they couldn’t get being in family,
was the probable reason for their highest level of life satisfaction among the
three groups under study as indicated through mean scores of female
participants from general orphanages. Secondly girls from general orphanages
were observed to have confidence of getting support from organization even
after attaining maturity .Approximately one third of the sample belonged to
SOSCV where girls are definitely more privileged than boys enjoying the luxury
of campus facilities and being in the close bonding relation of family with
mother and siblings which may be the underlying reason for higher life
satisfaction in comparison to males. Hence
hypothesis no.2 is found to be correct. As seen in Table 2 the two way interaction of gender and living set up on level of life satisfaction is found insignificant. The finding is in line with the result of meta analysis of gender differences in Life satisfaction which revealed despite global gender inequalities Based on 281 effect sizes for life satisfaction (N = 1,001,802) results showed no significant gender differences in both types of subjective well-being. Supplementary meta-analyses found significantly lower job satisfaction, but not life satisfaction, in women (Batz, Tay, Kuykendall, & Cheung. 2018). Similarly Bibi,Chaudhary,& Awan(2015) too reported no significant difference in Life satisfaction on basis of gender.In the present study as stated previously there is no gender discrimination in facilities provided to children in orphanages which may be the reason for the interaction effect of gender and living setup to be insignificant on life satisfaction of participants. |
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| Findings | As the first objective of study was to compare level of life satisfaction among adolescents in three living setup viz. intact family; orphanage with family setting and general orphanage. In the present study participants from general orphanage were found to have higher life satisfaction the reason may be coming from a poor and deprived environment they are happy and satisfied to get infrastructural facilities and opportunity to study which they couldn’t have pursued in their families, a fact revealed by participants during study. The findings of a previous study (Carlson 2006) support the findings .The study reported Satisfaction may be lower among adolescents in non-intact families if they have fewer resources available. In Single-parent families where it becomes difficult to maintain sufficient levels of social and economic resources tends to lower the life satisfaction of children. In the present study participants from general orphanage expressed they were happy to be there as they were able to pursue not only academics but also sports and other extracurricular activities which they could not have dreamt of while living with their extended family relatives. In general, a negative family environment is associated with decreased well-being. Life satisfaction is lower among youth who experience high conflict and disagreement with their parents and high family-related stress. Children from such families are happy to be in institutions. This may be the probable reason for higher life satisfaction among general orphanage group. The difference between the level of life satisfaction of adolescents from general orphanage and Orphanage with family setting in present study may be attributed to the fact that most of the participants from SOSCV were inmates since early infancy greater percentage came there soon after birth while the participants from general orphanages were brought to orphanages after early childhood and have vivid memories of their life before coming here ie to say they have experience to compare life before coming to orphanages. Just as(Roberts & Wood, 2006) stated “Family life is an important context within which daily experiences occur and shape personality and patterns of family interactions over time give rise to significant memories for the child and adolescent . These memories are reflective of one’s lived experience and they have the power to shape important aspects of the individual including personality and other behavioural features” (McAdams & Adler, 2006; McAdams, Anyidoho, Brown, Huang, Kaplan, & Machao, 2004; Roberts & Wood, 2006). The inmates from SOSCV have been there since their earliest memory time hence set their standard of expectations accordingly and life satisfaction is judged against self set expectations The result show they have more incongruence between their expectation and achievement. The findings of present study are in line with previous study by Gilman and Handwerk (2001) who found among American institutionalized adolescents that shortly after arrival, self-reports of LS were positive and that after several months improved across a number of domains. Similarly, Gilman and Barry (2003) found decreases in global LS after the first month of arrival into residential treatment, but this was followed by significant increases across the next two months. These findings suggest that adolescents may experience added stress upon first entering a residential treatment facility, but following this their LS increases due to the nature of the treatment and environment provided (Gilman & Barry, 2003; cf. Schiff, Nebe, & Gilman, 2006).As the treatment and environment of adolescents from general orphanage in current study rated better by them in comparison to what they got before coming here leading their scores on life satisfaction to be highest among the three groups.Hence hypothesis no.1 proposing the impact of living setup on life satisfaction of adolescents to be significant is accepted. The result of ANOVA testing the proposition extended in hypothesis 2 stating there will be significant difference in level of life satisfaction on basis of gender was found to be correct as shown in Table 2 (p=0.00 < 0.05). The mean values showed the level of life satisfaction to be high among females 24.30 > 22.29. Life satisfaction during adolescence has been found to be associated with various factors related to personality, environment and activity. Huebner (1991) found life satisfaction to be positively associated with personality characteristics viz. self-esteem, internal locus of control, and extraversion and negatively with anxiety and neuroticism .The researcher also found satisfaction with family was more strongly associated with life satisfaction than satisfaction with friends. Similarly having purpose in life, close friends, academic achievement( Chui & Wong, 2016) self-esteem (Khatib 2013) social support (John, Adekunle, Jamal,& Tashia 2011) were reported to be positively correlated to life satisfaction . Gender differences in life satisfaction have been reported constantly with females having higher level of life satisfaction than males (Hassan, Sadaf, Saeed &Idrees 2018; Mosinki & ldemudia ,2012; Attiyah and Nasser 2016) .Noteworthy point is females have been also found to have higher level of negative factors associated with life satisfaction such as anxiety, loneliness, depression etc. So a new query in the field of life satisfaction has arised –Are Women Really Happier than Men? Montgomery (2016)on basis of Gallup's World Poll analyze responses from about 46,000 people in 103 countries on life satisfaction concluded that women report to be happier than men but doesn’t feel happy. The dilemma may be due to women using the response scale differently than men. May be women have a different set of reference points for what kind of life deserves a 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 on the 1-5 scale. The researcher analysed every respondent’s scale to one reference scale using the vignettes and found the results to be reversed 150% concluding women actually are less happy than men on average, with a gap of about -0.015. As the above question needs to be tested empirically on a larger scale so the results of present study are being discussed according the presently prevalent view. The reason for higher life satisfaction among females in present study may be their aspiration level being lower than males. In India sex appropriate roles are well set though there is impact of modernization still girls become happy with achievement of their self set standards. Moreover there is preference for male sex in Indian society particularly in lower socio economic status so when the resources are limited girls are the first to be deprived of facilities in families so they are happy to be in orphanages(a fact openly expressed by inmates of general orphanage) getting all their needs most importantly getting proper education which they couldn’t get being in family, was the probable reason for their highest level of life satisfaction among the three groups under study as indicated through mean scores of female participants from general orphanages. Secondly girls from general orphanages were observed to have confidence of getting support from organization even after attaining maturity .Approximately one third of the sample belonged to SOSCV where girls are definitely more privileged than boys enjoying the luxury of campus facilities and being in the close bonding relation of family with mother and siblings which may be the underlying reason for higher life satisfaction in comparison to males. Hence hypothesis no.2 is found to be correct. As seen in Table 2 the two way interaction of gender and living set up on level of life satisfaction is found insignificant. The finding is in line with the result of meta analysis of gender differences in Life satisfaction which revealed despite global gender inequalities Based on 281 effect sizes for life satisfaction (N = 1,001,802) results showed no significant gender differences in both types of subjective well-being. Supplementary meta-analyses found significantly lower job satisfaction, but not life satisfaction, in women (Batz, Tay, Kuykendall, & Cheung. 2018). Similarly Bibi,Chaudhary,& Awan(2015) too reported no significant difference in Life satisfaction on basis of gender.In the present study as stated previously there is no gender discrimination in facilities provided to children in orphanages which may be the reason for the interaction effect of gender and living setup to be insignificant on life satisfaction of participants. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conclusion |
The findings of this study suggests that though institutionalized setup for orphans are criticized globally but it has it’s own merits over keeping orphan children within extended family with relatives as it is evident in higher life satisfaction among adolescents from general orphanages. These results are in accordance with the findings of Whetten, Ostermann, Whetten, Pence, O'Donnell, Messer, Thielman. (2009) with similar conclusions that institutional care begets better outcome than living in community care. The results of this study substantiates the findings of past researches that gender plays a significant role on adolescents life satisfaction level |
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| Suggestions for the future Study | There is need to study further that what type of care facilities promote orphans well being as well as more variables need to be studied in same settings to draw conclusion. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Limitation of the Study | 1. All the residential institutions under study were run by private organizations or NGOs partially funded by govt. but access to government orphanages was not allowed despite the effort made by researcher. Most of the orphanages were quite well off so a composite inference is difficult to make. 2. In few orphanages entry in the premises was not allowed so researcher was not able to observe children in their real surrounding making it difficult to draw inference. 3. The findings are all on group basis and may not be applicable to each individual. 4. The sample was controlled on basis of length of stay (at least 8 yrs.) but age of admission i.e. coming to orphanage with or without experiences /memory of before coming here might have affected the results and need to be taken into account for further research. The study was limited to orphanages within Jaipur city with the exception of SOSCV Bhopal it could be extended to larger area to understand it fully. |
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