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| Saprophytic Fungal Species, Their Identification and Classification in Natural and Laboratory Conditions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17070 Submission Date :
2023-01-01 Acceptance Date :
2023-01-23 Publication Date :
2023-01-25
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| Abstract |
The present work was done at the Department of Botany, MDS University, Ajmer (Rajasthan). Total 20 species were explored. Fungi are non-photosynthetic, non-chlorophyllous, heterotrophic organisms, usually included in plants but they stands separately in many aspects. Heterotrophic nature have three different ways ie parasitism, symbiosis and saprophytic nature. Saprophytic fungal species are of many types including truffles, bird's nests, coprophilous, fairy rings, morels, guchies etc, creating an integral and core part of the heterotrophic plant diversity. During the years of 2021 and 2022, the saprophytic fungal diversity was investigated by the author. These fungi mainly were two types; naturally growing and those which were cultured on medium in Laboratory conditions. The first category included naturally growing mushrooms such as Morchela esculenta, Pilobolus, Agaricusbisporus, pleurotusosteratus and Psilocyte etc. and the second group Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium, Aspergillus included. These fungi belonging to Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes and Basidiomycetes of the fungal sectrum.
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| Keywords | Saprophytic Fungi, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Coprophilous Fungi. Heterotrophic Mode. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Etymologically, mycology is the study of mushrooms (Greek: Mykes; mushroom, logos: to study ) from time immemorial fungi has the objects of wonder and speculation.
Mushrooms were also popular among potters and sculptors. A set of ancient stone sculptures (999 B.C.-190 A.D.), having designs of mushrooms have been discovered and collected from Guatemala and other Central American countries. (Wasson and Wasson, 1957; Lowe, 1971). Human's interest in fungi started very early with the observation of the fairy forest flour beautiful and umbrella-shaped mushrooms and toadstools growing on soils producing fairy rings. Because these were attached to the soil resembling plants, they were regarded as plants.
The ancient Romans and Greeks were well informed about fungi and mushroom than surely their less civilized contemporaries and were fond of truffles morels, mushrooms and puff-balls. Mushrooms became delicacies that were the only food for wealthy people insisted on cooking themselves. Many cases of accidental mushroom poisoning were also happened to ancient Greeks and Romans about 600 B.C. Evil ferments of the earth was name for some of the mushrooms. The edible members are called mushrooms, while the poisonous non-edible are termed as toadstools. The term toadstool is a distortion of the German name toadstool which literally stands death chair. The deadly toxins of the toadstools made them sure poisons. Roman emperor Claudius Caesar (A.D. 54) was killed and murdered by his own wife who mixed food with Amanita phalloides (Wasson and Wasson, 1957). The clear identification of the edible and non edible poisonous varieties of mushrooms is very essential for mycophagists. Dinocarids, Greek physician enlisted the differences between the edible and non edible poisonous mushrooms is an interesting fact.
Most Mushrooms and Macro fungi are those that form large fructifications which are observable without the help of the microscope and include Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes with large observable and spore bearing structures. Fungi belonging to various taxonomic categories and producing conspicuous fruiting bodies are collectively known as macro fungi which include gilled fungi, truffles, coral fungi, jelly fungi, stink fungi, bracket fungi, bird's nest, puffballs and soil inhabiting and macro fungal diversity is an essential and important component of the global biodiversity, particularly community diversity, which is an integral part of fungal diversity. Mushrooms are earliest form of fungi known to mankind and widespread in nature and wild habitats they still remain the main heterotrophs.
Wild edible mushrooms are the most important natural food requirements and resources on which majority of the people rely and play a key role in nutrition. Fungi play a critical and significant role in industry, bioremediation and textiles food industry agriculture, medicine.
The diversity and variety of mushroom with their natural inhabit are under threat within the entire world and India has been a treasure for these fungi. Mushrooms are large and a wide group of fleshy fungi, which include Guchis, Oysters Mushrooms, Morels Trufffles, Gilled fungi and Bracket fungi, Fairy rings, Toadstools, Clubs, Puffballs, Stinkhorns, Earthstars, Bird's nest fungi and Jelly fungi. Generally, they are saprophytes, however some members are severe workers of decomposition and wood decay. All types of saprophytic fungi and mushrooms are important in decomposition and decay processes, due to their ability to degrade cellulose and other such polymers. Some mushrooms are also found growing in symbolic association with trees of a particular group. Mushrooms had been extensively and deeply studied in the European countries, whereas tropical countries like our (India) especially in central India (Amarkantak Forest, M.P. and Rajasthan) they were less explored. The variety and diversity of fungi are common in Rajasthan and found more in Amarkantak region of central India.
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| Objective of study | The present work aims to explore saprophytic fungal diversity, mostly growing on decaying materials or dung. These are unique saprophytic species belonging to Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes. The present work's object was to investigate the relationship of cultural requirements of saprophytic fungi in natural and artificial culture media. |
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| Review of Literature | Caesar-TonThat and V.L. Cochran (1999) studied
the effects of a saprophytic lignin decomposer basidiomycetes fungi from plants
litter on soil aggregation and stabilization. The basidiomycetes produced huge
quantities of non-water-soluble, extracellular polymers that bind the soil
particles. Reverchon et al., (2010) have
studied saprophytic fungi as decomposers of forest litter, their diversity
influenced by the spatial heterogeneity and variations of substrates. They
examined saprophytic community structure and composition in a volcanic soil
strata. Reenu Chouhan et al., (2010) studied
mushroom species namely Boletus rubellus and Calocybe ionides. Yun
Wang et al., (2012) Studied progress in
the cultivation of edible basidiomycetes and mycorrhizal mushrooms, especially
species of Tricholoma, and Rhizopogon were examined for the
development and optimization of mycorrhize.
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| Methodology | I. Observation Methods
For field growing saprophytic fungi, mushroom and toadstools normal observation method was done. In soil live numerous types of organisms including fungi, which are the individual units and populations. Fungi isolated from soil are termed as soil fungi. Some of them isolated only from soil are typical soil fungi, and the others are, readily and most frequently may isolated from other habitats. Fungi from the underground parts, such as especially associated with soil borne diseases are typical soil fungi. Some fungi may be isolated from dung in soil, and may also be classifed as one of the coprophilous soil fungi. The fungi isolated from aerial plant materials, wood rottening saprophytic fruiting bodies etc. are studied.
Culture media is a mixture of nutrients or substances used for cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory. Most fungi grown in culture medium containing a high sugar source, nitrogen materials, pH of 5-6, and a temperature range between 16-36°C There are two main general types of culture media: natural and synthetic. Natural culture media are composed of natural materials for fungi such as herbaceous or woody stems, leaves, seeds, corn meal, wheat, oat and germ meal.
II. Culture Media Used
a. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Medium: Peeled and sliced potatoes: 200 g, Dextrose: 20 g, Agar: 15 g, Distilled water: 1000 ml.
200gm sliced potato added to 500ml of distilled water later simmer for 20-25 minutes. Potato extract was filtered with and through muslin cloth. Other ingredients were added to the filtrate to bring the volume upto 1000ml and then boiled and followed by autoclaved at 15psi for 20 minutes.
b. Corn Meal Agar (CMA) Medium: Few fungi have been grown on this kind of culture medium and induced sporulation) Corn meal: 20 g, Peptone:20 g, Dextrose: 20 g, Agar: 15 g, Distilled water: 1000 ml. Corn meal added to the 500ml water and simmered for 30 minutes to 1hour. Later filtered through muslin cloth and other ingredients were added to the filtrate. The volume were brought upto 1000ml and then boiled. Then autoclaved at 15 psi for 20 minutes.
III. Identification Method used for fungal species:
Pure Fungal colonies may help us to identify the fungi more easily when they are together. Fungus species have been identified on the basis of comparing morphological characteristics with those of the known species. Later, observed under high power and low power compound microscope at (10×,40× and 100×).
Fungal colonies were characterized and identified as follows :
1. Growth: restricted or spreading
2. Margin: irregular or smooth
3. Pattern: fowery or radiate or arachnoid or zonate
4. Smell or fragrance of the culture
5. Color and tint on colony surface and reverse (Standard color charts, Rayner, 1970 and Ridgway, 1912).
6. Surface structure: aerial hyphae quantity or cottony or crustaceous, embedded. |
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| Result and Discussion |
Fungi are heterotrophs on external supply of readymade
organic material. Fungal nutrition is absorptive. Ingestive is restricted only
to the few slime moulds unlike animals, which are also heterotrophs,. The
hyphae are in direct contact with the substrates and absorb dissolved and extra
cellularly digested food molecules, such as simple sugars, triglycerides, fatly
acids and amino acids. Insoluble substances and macromolecules like
polysaccharides, fats and proteins and are first broken into smaller units or
the soluble monomers. This is called digestion and is achieved by
extra-cellular extra cellular enzymatic actions.
Fig.: Relative Strength of species of
Saprophytes Table : Showing total no. of Genera and species
Fig.: Relative Strength of species of Saprophytic classes Table : Showing total no. of Genera
Fig.: Relative Strength of species of
Saprophytic classes Table showing 20 species and their families
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| Conclusion |
Total 20 species of saprophytic fungi were recorded and studied mostly belonging to saprophytic, coprophilous and naturally growing mushrooms in rainy days. They are members of saprophytic genera of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes.
There are 05 species growing on decaying organic matter and one is coprophilous related to zygomycetes.
Ascomycetes accounts for 3 species usually grow on decaying and spoiling bread and other food stuffs like vegetables and fruits, while one species is edible mushroom growing in field and grass lands during rainy season. Wood/Log decaying, 01 pure dung consuming, 05 Poisonous, non edible toadstools. Basidiomycetes accounts the highest number of species ie 10 including 02 edible mushrooms. |
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