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| A Survey on the Distribution of Insect Diversity in Different Geographic Settings in Doon valley | ||||||||||||||||
| Paper Id :
17215 Submission Date :
2022-11-14 Acceptance Date :
2022-11-22 Publication Date :
2022-11-25
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| Abstract |
Insects cover more than three fourth of the entire world fauna. They have successfully established themselves all over the globe in diverse habitat, wherever life is possible on earth. They fly, swim, hop, crawl or just sit still. The science which deals with the study of insect (their structure, function, biology etc) is called Entomology. They are directly or indirectly concerned with the economy and welfare of the human society. Some insect species are harmful or destructive while other ones can be harmless or can be beneficial. The present study was conducted on insect diversity of Doon Valley for a period of one year from January 2021 to December 2021. The study area was divided into 4 sites which include the Urban, Riverian, Swampy and Industrial. Distribution pattern of insects in all the selected localities includes the spatial as well as temporal distribution pattern of insects. The study revealed the occurrence 12 different species belonging to 8 orders including Odonata, Dictyoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymeoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera.
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| Keywords | Orders, Insects Diversity, Habitats, Doon Valley. | |||||||||||||||
| Introduction |
Class Insecta is largest group of animal in phylum Arthropoda which covers around 32 orders of different family. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated (Vincent Brian Wigglesworth, 2012). All insects undergo a series of changes in morphological characterstic which is generally known as incomplete or complete metamorphosis; all insects hatch from eggs, but some develop and hatch from inside the womb in live births. The class of Insects can be differentiated into two sub-classes in which first one is Winged also known as Pterygota group of insects and other is wingless insects or Aptergota. It is possible that the Thysanura themselves are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura) (Gilliott,1995; Kapoor, 1998). Both Paleoptera and Neoptera are winged group of insects which can be identified on the basis of hardened body parts called sclerites, similarly in Neoptera presence of muscle. On the basis of metamorphosis Neoptera are further differentiated into complete and incomplete forms. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea (Johnson et al., 2004). Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form Eukinolabia (Terry and Whiting, 2005). Mantodea, Blattodea and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera (Lo, Nathan et al., 2000). The main purpose of the present study is to collect and identify the insect species to know their diversity richness and abundance in the nearby locality of Doon valley which were collected.
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| Objective of study | To study the faunal diversity of Insects in the vicinity of Doon valley. |
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| Review of Literature | Insects are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, (Chapman, 2006; Vojtech Novotny, 2002; Erwin, 1997) and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. (Erwin, 1982) Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans. Rao et al., (1973) in an article on haematophagous arthropods in western Himalaya recorded as many as 78 species under 36 genera from Dehradun district. Bhat (1975), in a study on Haematophagous arthropods in the Himalayan region, recorded 63 species of mosquitoes under 9 genera and added information on geographical range along with ecological notes. Till then there was no record on blood sucking insects except the mosquitoes (Srivastava & Jauhari, 1992; Mahesh & Jauhari, 2000, 2003; Pemola & Jauhari 2004). The following entomologists such as Blackman(1965), Odum (1971), Singh et al.,(1987), Wilson(1988), Alfred and Subha Rao (1997), Hodek and Honek (1998), Hack and Mace (1998), Ghosh and Singh (2000), Omkar and Srivastava (2000), Sathe and Bhosale (2001), Omkar and Bind (2004), Sahayaraj (2004) and Prerana Prakhar et al., (2021) conducted studies on various groups of insects. |
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| Methodology | 1. Methods of Collection
i. By hand picking- Small insects, specially the soft bodied ones should be collected by hand either with the help of a fine camel hair brush or by a forceps.
ii. By sweeping- Sweeping with a proper net yield satisfactory result while collecting from herbage. Sweeping nets must be of tough cloth. A 50-60 cm strong handle with 50 cm depth bag is quite good.
iii. By trapping-. A trap is any device containing something to which the insects are attracted and which is so arranged that once the insects get into it they cannot get out. Some common types of traps are used in insect collection like Light trap.
2. Material of Collection
i. Insect Nets- A net essentially consists of a cloth bag or nylon net bag, a metal ring which holds the mouth of the open bag, and a handle to which the metal ring is attached. According to the types of insect and methods of collection many types of nets are commonly used like Aerial net, sweep net etc.
ii. Killing bottle- Killing bottles of various sizes and shapes may be used depending on the type of insects involved, and various materials used as the killing agent.
3. Mounting And Preserving Insects
Collections, once made are to be preserved in a manner which provides scope to examine the specimen for the identification and study and also guarantees long period of storage, with proper care. Most specimens are pinned, and once dried will keep indefinitely. Specimens too small to pin can be mounted on pointes on tiny minute pins, or on microscope slides. Large and showy insects may be mounted in various types of glass-topped display cases. Soft-bodied forms, such as nymphs and larvae should be preserved in fluids like 70% alcohol. |
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| Result and Discussion |
A study on insect diversity in Doon Valley was carried out for a period of one year from January 2021 to December 2021. The total area selected for sampling was divided into 4 sites which include the Urban, Rural, Marshy and Industrial. Distribution pattern of insects in all the selected localities includes the spatial as well as temporal distribution pattern of insects. The study revealed the occurrence 12 different species belonging to 8 orders including Odonata, Dictyoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymeoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera. All the species of different orders were collected from different habitat. A comparison in the insect diversity in respect of collected orders has been presented in Table 1while the Fig. 1& 2 represents the temporal analysis of insects which revealed that the maximum abundance was recorded by Dictyoptera followed by Lepidoptera, Odonata while minimum abundance was recorded by Hymeoptera. The present study also revealed that the insects were maximum found in urban area followed by marshy, industrial and rural area. The findings of present study was found similar with Sarmistha Jana et al., 2009 who studied the Diversity and community structure of aquatic insects in a pond in Midnapore town, West Bengal, India and recorded maximum abundance of Odonata. Unlike as in the present investigation where Odonata and Dictyoptera was the most common insects, Khan and Ghosh (2001) in West Bengal and Painkra et al., who studied the Biodiversity of insects in Ambikapur of Chhattisgarh.. The outcomes of present study are close to Prerana Prakhar et al., (2021) who worked on the study of insect diversity in different habitats found in nearby locality of Raipur. Table1: Distribution of Insect diversity
 Fig.1: Showing the monthly abundance of insects during study period in Doon valley       Fig. 2: Collected insects of different orders during the
study period.
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| Conclusion |
The increase in diversity of insect population provides well-organized pollination which results in high efficient sustainable crop productivity. Such pollination shows that the provided area is ecologically and biologically balanced well controlled which further point towards the healthy environment. The present study provides baseline data sheet about diversity of insect pollinators in a managed organic farms of Doon valley. |
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| Suggestions for the future Study | The present findings of Insect fauna will help the entomologist to study the faunal diversity of Garhwal region | |||||||||||||||
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