Neerja Rana et al. (2010) “Integrated farming with organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and quality of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)” In this study, the results clearly indicated that biofertilizer alone may not significantly increase the yield, but it certainly improves the quality. It was also found that the maximum yield of ginger could not be realized with organic manure alone. Higher yield can only be achieved with the use of organic manures in combination with inorganic fertilizers. Thus, an integrated approach of biofertilizers with inorganic fertilizers can increase the quality and yield of ginger. The recommended dose of chemical fertilizers can be reduced by the use of biofertilizer.

Sigit Soeparjono (2016) “The Effect of Media Composition and Organic Fertilizer Concentration on The Growth and Yield of Red Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)” This study concluded that a single factor of various composition media (M) was not significantly influencing all the parameters of growth and yield of red ginger rhizome. The single factor of concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer (P) and the interaction of two-factor treatments (MP) significantly influenced all parameters of the growth and yield of red ginger rhizome. The combination of treatments (M3P3) gave the best response to all parameters: plant height (58.8 cm), number of leaves (25.2), number of buds (35.6), rhizome fresh weight per plant (2329.64 g), total biomass (258.14 g), zingeron level (1.88%), and oleoresin level (1.57%).

Shadap et al. (2018) “Integrated Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on the Yield and Quality of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)” In this study, a field experiment was conducted to assess the yield and quality of ginger treated with different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrition. The plants raised with the integration of organic manures (vermicompost, neem cake, and compost), biofertilizers (Azospirillum, VAM, and PSB), and higher doses of inorganic NPK resulted in higher content of quality parameters such as essential oil and oleoresin as well as recovery percentage. Economic analysis indicated that the best treatment in terms of Benefit: cost ratio was observed in T5 - Vermicompost + NPK 75% + Azospirillum + VAM + PSB (4.09) followed by T4 - Vermicompost + NPK 100% + Azospirillum + VAM + PSB (3.83) and thus, clearly indicating the chance of saving 25 percent inorganic fertilizers. Thus, an integrated approach of organic and inorganic nutrition can increase the yield and quality of ginger. It clearly indicates the chance of saving 25 percent inorganic fertilizers.

Supriyono et al. (2021) “Effectiveness of giving organic fertilizer with different doses on the growth and yield of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var Rubrum)” This study aimed to obtain an effective dose of organic fertilizer in increasing the growth and yield of red ginger. From March to October 2020, the research was conducted at the UNS experimental area in Wonorejo Village, Jatiyoso, with an altitude of 778 masl. The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 1 factor and 5 treatments it is P0 (control), P1 (dose 1 kg. m-2), P2 (dose 1.5 kg. m-2), P3 (dose 2 kg. m-2), and P4 (dose 2.5 kg. m-2). The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer had an effect. The effective dose of organic fertilizer in increasing the growth and yield of red ginger was a dose of 2 kg. M-2

The survey was conducted by selecting 90 ginger cultivators in the study area, who were randomly chosen and engaged in cultivating ginger for more than five years with at least one acre of land.

ANOVA test was used to test the hypothesis, and the findings have been depicted in a simple chart.

A survey was conducted in twenty villages, including Billahalli, Komalapura, Hitnahalli, Aythanahalli, Bettadapura, Koorgallu, Sundavalu, Poodanahalli, Sathyagala, Thelaginakuppe, Harave Mallarajapatna, Harnahalli, Konasuru, and other villages in Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka state. Ninety ginger cultivators were interviewed through a questionnaire, and the research findings are as follows:

Table: 1 Distribution of Gender, Age and qualification of respondents. (N=100)

Table 1 indicates that all of these factors have an influence on the adoption of Ginger and Tobacco cultivation. The aforementioned table demonstrates that out of a total of 100 respondents, 82.22% were male and 17.78% were female. The majority of respondents, which is 51.11%, were aged between 35 to 40 years. Only 17.78% of respondents were aged between 30 to 35 years, and a mere 8.89% fell between the ages of 25 to 30. The majority of respondents, specifically 53.33%, belonged to OBC, followed by 28.89% who belonged to ST, and 17.78% who belonged to SC, all of whom were engaged in Ginger and Tobacco cultivation in the study area.

In terms of education, 40% of respondents had qualifications up to Primary and Higher Primary, 15.56% were illiterate, 20% had PUC, and 24.44% had degrees. It is apparent that individuals who are illiterate or have only completed Primary and Higher Primary education are capable of engaging in Ginger cultivation, which requires a certain level of skill rather than a formal education.

Table 2 factor influenced adoption of Ginger cultivation. (N=100)

(Source: field survey)

Table 2 indicates that all of these factors have an impact on the adoption of Ginger cultivation. Half of the respondents (50%) depend solely on agriculture, 27.78% are involved in both agriculture and business, 8.89% engage in agriculture and agricultural labor, and 13.33% are engaged in agriculture and the service sector. In terms of land ownership, 24.44% of respondents own 1 to 2.5 acres of land, 33.33% own 2.5 to 5 acres, 31.11% own 5 acres and above, while 11.11% own less than 1 acre of land. Furthermore, 43.96% of respondents cultivate ginger in less than 1 acre of land, 27.17% cultivate in 2 to 3 acres, 16.13% cultivate in 4 to 5 acres, and only 10.64% cultivate in more than 5 acres. In terms of experience, 44.44% of respondents have 5 to 10 years of experience in ginger cultivation, 25.56% have 10 to 15 years of experience, 16.67% have more than 15 years of experience, and only 13.33% have up to 5 years of experience. With regards to family income, 8.89% of respondents have a family income of less than 2 lakhs, 22.22% have 2 to 5 lakhs, 38.89% have 5 to 10 lakhs, and 30% have 10 lakhs and above per year. In terms of income from ginger cultivation, 56% of respondents earned less than 2 lakhs, 28% earned 2 to 3 lakhs, and 16% earned 3 lakhs and above as part of their total family income. Finally, 51.11% of respondents earned less than 2 lakhs from ginger cultivation, 31.11% earned 2 to 3 lakhs, and 17.78% earned 3 lakhs and above as part of their total family income.

Materials and Treatments of Ginger cultivation 

The research was conducted in the experimental field in 30 villages of Periyapatna taluk of Mysore District This research was a field experiment by fertilizing and observing ginger plants. The research design used a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). In this study, there were 3 treatments and repeated so that there were 90 observed units. The treatments used in this study were:

In this study, there were 90 respondents' plots, each with 1 acre of land. Growth observations, including plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, and total weight of rhizomes, were carried out once a month, while harvesting observations were carried out simultaneously, including rhizome size (length, width, thickness), fresh weight of rhizome per clump and plot, rhizome storage weight per clump and plot, and fresh straw and dry straw plant weight. Data analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the effect of treatment on variables. The results presented in Table 1 showed that different treatments had a significant effect on the yield and quality of ginger, particularly on production and productivity. The combined application of organic manures, biofertilizers, and inorganic fertilizers had a beneficial effect on yield and yield attributing characters, with chicken manure producing the best performance and higher yield among the organic manures. The study findings are consistent with the observations of farmers in ginger. The data in the table also showed that the application of a minimum standard quantity of mixer combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly increased the performance of ginger in terms of yield and quality compared to other treatments with similar organic manures and inorganic nutrition combination. The study suggests that the use of minimum standard quantity of mixer combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer has a positive impact on enhancing the production and productivity of ginger, attributed to the improved physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil resulting in better utilization and absorption of NPK and micronutrients required for enhancing the quality of the Ginger rhizome.

Average Ginger Production at deferent Treatments (cropping practice) in study area

Swoc Anlysis