1. In the study, Sharma and Singh (2018) took into account eight physical and chemical parameters, including temperature, TDS, conductivity, turbidity, BOD, DO, pH, and seven heavy metals, including AS, Cr, Cd, Hg, Fe, Cu, Ni, at four different location (Prem-Nagar, Jwalapur, Kankhal, and Bhimgodha) of city throughout different season (winters, summers and monsoon). The various criteria were contrasted with the norms offered by the BIS, WHO, etc. The heavy metals load fluctuates periodically, with the rainy season having the highest load, followed by the cold season and the warm season having the lowest load.

2. Numerous home, farmland, municipal, and industrial pollutants or effluents stream into theriver Ganga at different sites, reported by Matta et al., (2018). For10 distinct location of the Ganga River, the following variables were measured: temperature, turbidity (Tu), phosphorus(P), BOD, DO, velocity, chloride (Cl), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), LI (light intensity), free CO2, sulphate, HCO3 −, Chl-a, NO3− , NO2− , SiO3 −, PO4 2−, Ca2 + and Mg2 + were analyzed for the period of 2013 to 2014. 3 different types of phytoplankton—green algae, diatoms, and blue-green algae—were discovered. Fragilaria, Amphora, Gomphonema, Diatoma, Achnanthes, and Cymbella are 6 important diatom groups that were also found.

3. TCS (Triclosan) was observed by Nag et al., (2018) in sediment, fish, and water samples taken from a 450-kilometer section of the Gomti stream, a Ganges significant tributary in India. The measurement of TCS in samples was standardised using an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC technique. TCS was found in sediments at a level of 5.11 to 50.36 μg per kg and in water inside the range of 1.1 to 9.65 μg per

4. According to Ramzi et al., (2017), a tropical ecosystem's surface sediments (estuary of Cochin, southwestern coast of India) had substantial seasonal fluctuations for PAHs. Pre-monsoon concentrations varied from 304 to 5874 ngg-1, concentrations of monsoon ranged from 493 to 14,149 ngg-1, and concentrations of post-monsoon ranged from 194 to 10,691 ngg-1.

5.  According to research by Kumar et al., (2013), with the exception of Pb and Ni, the heavy metal load in the river Yamuna was mostly in line with the background amount of natural toxic effect. For the outcomes of the pollutant emissions, trace element deposition, especially the buildup of hazardous heavy metals in the aquatic environment as a whole, is crucial.

6. Kurwadkar et al., (2022) investigated how access to PAHs via polluted water may negatively impact the environment and health of human.They tested sediment and water samples from the MRB (Mahanadi River Basin) for the presence of 16 key PAHs. The quantities of Σ16 PAHs in sediments and water varied from 13.1-685.4 μg/L and from 302.6-728.2 μg/g, respectively.

7. Rout et al., (2022) hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase in the microbiota of a polluted environment suggests their significance in the decomposition of dyes and plastics. Therefore, their work has offered dynamics and diversity of bacteria and in community functioning and structure from a river microbiota which is polluted and is likely to pave the way for improved discovery of new functional enzymes or genes with potential applications in bioremediation and healthcare.

Considerably due to population increasement and economic development, India is dealing with a significant challenge of natural resource scarcity, particularly on the water. Most of the freshwater bodies globally are becoming contaminated, which reduces the water's potability. Physical and chemical factors operate both individually and collectively, and their interaction creates a biotic environment that, in turn, affects the development, expansion, and eventually succession of biotic communities.

After analysing the ground water quality parameters of urban and rural areas, it is clear the ground water of rural areas of this district is safe for drinking and irrigation purpose. While on the other hand, the ground water of urban areas has become so much polluted that it is not suitable for drinking purposes and may only be used for irrigation purposes .