A nation's development is dependent on its citizens, who are shaped by teachers, who in turn are made by teacher-educators. Teacher education plays a crucial role in India's educational system and must take into account the socio-cultural context and national development goals. It should contribute to social and national reconstruction, address social and educational problems, fulfill people's expectations, and help in the realization of constitutional objectives. Teacher education should not be indifferent to its surroundings and significant issues. Education is a means of empowering individuals, and teachers and teacher educators must recognize that developing students' potential and promoting their economic efficiency is the essential first step towards this objective. Democratic values must be integrated into everyday life, and students must be instilled with moral courage to stand up for truth. Injustice cannot be tolerated, and education must promote a sense of social responsibility, intellectual integrity, and patriotic feelings among students to strengthen democracy in the country. India is part of the global community and has adopted a planned approach to social and economic development. Teacher education institutions must address the challenge of maintaining a balance between individual freedom and societal restrictions to ensure that every individual can lead a dignified life. Only individuals who have developed their personality to the fullest and are morally aware of their responsibilities can contribute to building a strong nation. Indian thought advocates a harmonious blend of individual dignity and social obligations for nation-building. Teacher education should develop an understanding of human rights and work towards preserving and protecting them from violations, which is another challenge.

Jadhav conducted a study in 2011 between ICT and teachers in Bhopal and in the study he found that teachers were disappointed in the use of ICT. Ayeni and Adeley studied in 1914 on teacher education and social ethics and found that teachers need proper training to fulfil social ethics.

Lahiri (2017) studied education for sustainability according to the NCFTE 2009. He found that NCFTE is consciously crafted to aware the pre service teacher education. Rama (2020) studied in Bali on attitude of science teacher toward the on line learning and found that science is a practical subject so teacher found themselves in difficult to give hands on experience in online teaching.

Challenges of Teacher Education 

To remain relevant, teacher education must adapt to the challenges faced by the educational system, specifically in school education. It is an activity that is highly sensitive to its context and must respond to changes in social, political, economic, and cultural conditions. The last two decades have witnessed significant advancements in science and technology, which have revolutionized human life and the world. The emergence of new technologies related to information storage and communication has had a profound impact on the teaching process, resulting in the advent of e-learning and redefining the concept of libraries and library services. Any education that does not regularly reassess and reevaluate its content and processes will soon become outdated. These challenges give rise to issues within the educational system, which are outlined below:

Social Challenges

This passage highlights several social and educational challenges that the country is facing. One of the major concerns is the exponential growth of the population, which is causing a strain on the available resources and posing a threat to social security. The education system is also struggling to keep up with the increasing number of out-of-school children and the rise of youth unrest and inter generational conflict. Additionally, communal tension is spreading across both urban and rural areas, leading to religious and communal intolerance and conflicts between different faiths. 

Teacher education has an important role to play in addressing these challenges. Educators must be prepared to promote interfaith harmony and support interfaith dialogue to foster saner attitudes among students. In their teachings, it is important for them to have an impartial discussion and recognize the root causes of violence, terrorism, and unrest. They must also emphasize that such behaviors have no place in a civilized society. Moreover, as the structure and functions of families in India are rapidly changing due to industrialization, migration, unemployment, and modernization, the education system must adapt to meet the emotional needs of children and provide education based on life skills.

To address these issues, teacher education needs to develop new commitments, additional competencies, and professional skills. The theory and practice of professional education must be enriched to ensure that teachers are equipped to meet the challenges of the changing social and cultural contexts. By doing so, the education system can maintain its relevance and ensure that it meets the needs of the society it serves.

Political Challenges 

Educational institutions and schools are meant to play a vital role in nurturing democracy by instilling democratic values in their students. The quality of politics in a society is directly linked to the quality of its citizens, who must be committed to themselves, their families, their communities, their nation, and humanity as a whole. In an ideal world, there would be no conflict between these obligations and commitments. However, in reality, such conflicts can arise, and it is the responsibility of citizens to work for the greatest good of the greatest number.

To prepare future teachers to fulfill this role, teacher education must develop the necessary skills related to social and political life and instill democratic values in them. These values include promoting equality, respecting diversity, valuing human rights, and encouraging civic engagement. Teachers must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to promote and protect these values in their classrooms and in their communities.

Moreover, teacher education should provide opportunities for prospective teachers to understand the complexity of social and political issues, such as power dynamics, social inequalities, and cultural differences, which often lead to conflicts. Through this understanding, teachers can be trained to facilitate discussions and promote critical thinking among their students, enabling them to develop a nuanced understanding of these issues.

In addition, teacher education should prepare teachers to be active citizens who can participate in political activities and advocate for social justice. Teachers must be encouraged to engage in community service and become leaders who promote democratic values and practices.

Overall, teacher education plays a crucial role in nurturing democratic values and preparing teachers to be responsible citizens. It is essential to ensure that future teachers are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to promote democracy, social justice, and civic engagement in their classrooms and communities.

Cultural Challenges

The Indian culture is a unique blend of multiple ethnic groups, and their contributions have enriched it over time. Education involves the transfer, transformation, assimilation, and enhancement of cultural heritage. Indian culture has historically managed to balance change and stability, tradition and modernity, and unity and diversity. To promote this process, teacher education should foster a sense of pride among teachers in their composite culture, preserve its identity, guard against superficiality and alienation, and make them modern in their outlook while retaining their distinct Indian identity. Additionally, it is crucial for teacher education to educate aspiring teachers about India's contribution to the world's culture. 

In today's society, value conflicts are prevalent and negatively impact people's quality of life. Inculcating values has become an essential function of education, and teachers must bear the responsibility of synthesizing the values of our composite culture and modernity. As the influence of families and primary groups diminishes, education needs to collaborate with other agencies to provide alternative educational approaches. Therefore, value inculcation needs to be integrated into all educational activities, including both curricular and co-curricular. 

As teachers play a vital role in shaping the future generation, it is crucial to instill in them a deep understanding and appreciation of Indian culture and values. By doing so, teachers can serve as role models for their students, promoting a sense of pride in their cultural heritage while also embracing modernity. In addition, by integrating value inculcation into all aspects of education, teachers can provide a strong foundation for students to become responsible and ethical citizens of society.

Challenges from Science and Technology

To keep up with the world and progress in all aspects, it has become necessary for India to prioritize scientific and technological education, particularly in information and communication technology. However, the development of a scientific attitude and mindset has not been given enough attention, leading to the simultaneous growth of science and superstition in Indian society. This poses a significant problem, and teacher education programs must take notice and come up with effective measures to address this issue. Neglecting to do so may cause the progress achieved thus far to be neutralized or even negative.

Teacher education institutions should thoroughly discuss the impact of science and technology, including information and communication technology and genetic engineering, on society. It is crucial to develop a scientific temperament and encourage its application to solve real-world problems. It is also essential to highlight the potential of scientific temper for creating a humane social order. Teaching scientific temper can promote values such as impartiality, integrity, intellectual honesty, optimism, fellow-feeling, tolerance, and humanitarianism. All of these values should be significant goals and objectives of teacher education.

Furthermore, it is critical to consider how scientific knowledge and technology can be applied to address the social and cultural issues of India. Teacher education institutions must equip teachers with the skills and knowledge to apply scientific knowledge and technology to relevant social and cultural issues. This will help to promote scientific temper and encourage its application for societal progress while also preserving the values and traditions of India.

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