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| Participation of Women in Panchayati Raj Institution | |||||||
| Paper Id :
17504 Submission Date :
2023-04-14 Acceptance Date :
2023-05-02 Publication Date :
2023-05-05
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| Abstract |
Women constitute nearly half of the country’s population, for healthy political system and welfare of the people it is necessary that women must come forward and play an active role in political affairs of the country. The United Nations (2000) has noted that, there are three places where women have always been excluded: military, religion and politics, it is in politics where they have the least access. There is a lot of awakening, but in the political field, process of their sharing has been comparatively slower in our country. To enable them 73rd and 74th Amendment to the constitutions were passed. These amendments provided for reservation of one third seats of members and chairperson of rural and urban local bodies for women of all categories. Women have been deprived of their legitimate role in social, cultural and political affairs due to male superiority based on myth about their natural weakness, physical as well as mental. The male dominance and denial of political rights to women are not peculiar to Indian culture. This has been a universal phenomenon. After a great deal of efforts at national as well as international level, the existing scenario has been changed. There is a lot of awakening, but in the political field, process of their sharing has been comparatively slower in our country.
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| Keywords | 73rdAmendment, Reservation, Awakening, Decisions. | ||||||
| Introduction |
Presently India is a substantial democratic country in the world where the women folk constitute almost half of the total population. The provisions of Indian Constitution render equality to women political rights by legitimizing their role for contribution in community inside the formal and legal framework. Women political participation is one of the important issues in Indian politics and concern of intelligentsia. It has been more than six decades of independence still there is a quite diminutive impact on women’s active participation in politics. Since the enactment of 73rd Amendment, it is perceived that space in local bodies will give rural women space for political participation. The journey of last twenty years indicates mixed results while women voter turnout in different elections enhanced and women participation in informal activities also increased. But in the present time there is a glaring gap still remains between de-jure and de-facto status of women in the political arena of the country.
The term “women participation‟ is a widely used concept and interpreted differently by different scholars. It has been used in terms of involvement, interaction, influence, self-help, empowerment and self-reliance. The term participation has generally been conceived as the involvement of the people in the affairs which affect them. From the perspective of participatory development, equal participation of both men and women is quintessential. Development is a multidimensional concept and essential to satisfy the aspiration of the people. With the growth of development studies the concept of "participation" of women in political process has received scholarly attention and it is conceived as a pre-requisite for the success of democracy as well as for development.
To enable them 73rd and 74th Amendments to the constitution were passed. These amendments provided for reservation of one third seats of members and chairpersons of rural and urban local bodies for women of all categories. To understand the reality of the accountability of it, it is necessary to know about the political participation of women in the post-colonial period and after independence of India.
In India, women actively participated in public affairs in the early Vedic period. They were free to attend and visit public assemblies and social gatherings. However, in the subsequent period, slowly and gradually women’s position declined and got confined to the four walls of family life. After independence, the constitution of India has laid down the foundation of participatory democracy and guaranteed the “Right to Equality‟ to all its citizens. The government had also formed various social legislations and passed several acts for raising the status of women. However, women remain marginalized in political decision making bodies. The realization that women always have been disadvantaged and marginalized from various development processes had led to a conscious effort among the development planners to provide equal space to women to participate in political process. Attempts had been made at national level to bring equality and to provide equal opportunity to both men and women to participate in decision making process. In 1993 the 73rd amendment act had brought a tremendous change towards the rural power structure through 33% reservation of seats for women in PRIs which was enhanced to 50% reservation and has been implemented in few states of India.
However, participation of women, in general, in politics and public life in India has been abysmally low. There is a huge gap between men and women in political activities beyond voting. Participation of women at the higher level is lower in comparison to their participation at the lower level of governance structure. In the domestic arena leadership and managerial skills of women are silently recognized however, they are not given space in the public arena. While other marginalized communities such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes got reservations in the Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies, no reservation for women was given in the Constitution of India in the beginning which restricted their political empowerment.
The study is carried out in the PS and the GP were matched on the basis of the sex and education of the heads of the tiers. All the elected women members from the selected ZP, PS and GP were covered. An effort was made to study the views of both women and men electorate and substantiate the findings by attending 50 meetings of the three tiers.
The main objective of the present research is to study the nature and efficacy of participation of women members in PRIs. The specific objectives besides studying the profile of the elected women and men members are- to study awareness of rights and responsibilities among the women members; the nature of concern among women members regarding issues pertaining to women and children; the future aspirations of the women members; and the opinion of public and men members regarding participation of elected women members.
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| Objective of study | 1. To get a better understanding of how “rural women participate” in a wide range of activities, from making choices to voting in the PRIs
2. Our goal is to learn if and how women are aware of PRIs and what they think about them.
3. It is crucial to know how women feel about Panchayati systems and how they feel about their engagement in Panchayati organizations.
4. To detect the indications that discourages or deters women members from carrying out their responsibilities. |
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| Review of Literature | Bohra, O. P. (2022).Entitled his work “Women in
Decentralized Democracy.” The researcher found out that there has been a
noticeable revolution, Haryana's Panchayat Raj, which looked at the success of
roughly 100 elected women in four districts. The 73rd Amendment Act's primary
goal was to decentralize authority and eliminate gender inequities and biases
in local self-governance organizations. Women's involvement in the
decision-making process is encouraged by Article 243 (D) because of its
provision for a one-third reserve of seats for women. According to Balwantrai
Mehta's Committee, two women should be elected to panchayatsamitis and village
panchayats. Reservations for women started even before the 73 percent Amendment
Act in states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and West Bengal. These states'
experiences show that women can influence panchayats to prioritize matters like
clean water, female education, and primary health care. Thirupathi, L. (2021).
Entitled his work “Grassroots Democracy: Panchayati Raj Institutions and
Significance of 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act,”. This article examines
grassroots democracy, Panchayati raj institutions, and the importance of the
73rd constitutional amendment Act. People in ruralareas now have a legal way to
influence local government decision-making via participation in democracy's grassroots
processes, according to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. Furthermore,
according to the article, constitutional provisions have provided opportunities
for growth while also preserving social equity, as the new Panchayat Raj system
needs. Panchayat Raj Institutions are now open to all citizens, thanks to the
new framework. Panchayat Raj Institutions, a new kind of participatory
democracy, enable anybody with interest in participating in decision-making to
do so. Women and others from historically marginalized groups have been more
active in politics. As part of the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, seats
were reserved for SCs, STs, and women on different levels, ensuring their
participation in the running PRIs. Through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment
Act, the reservation policy has also addressed problems of gender
discrimination, socioeconomic disparity, and patriarchy. Jyoti, K., &
Sharma, M. L.(2020).[17] Entitled their work, “Training Participation of Women
Sarpanches Towards Rural Development in Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh.”The
research was carried out in the Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh state in
India during the 2015-16 academic year to examine the training patterns and
involvement of tribal and non-tribal women sarpanhcs (Village Head). There were
645 Gram Panchayats in ZilaPanchayat, of which female sarpanches led 336 Gram
Panchayats. One-third of the 336 panchayats led by women were randomly chosen
for the research. Two separate categories were formed from the 112 respondents (women
leaders): 56 tribal and 56 non-tribal women leaders were included in the
survey. Tools for statistical analysis were used to examine the data. According
to the survey findings, most respondents needed training in village development
activities and agriculture, with a total of 21.43 percent and 17.85 percent,
respectively. According to both respondents, training in village development
was the most preferred option. One hundred percent of those polled said they
had taken part in the training. Bhardwaj, P. (2019)[18]. Entitled his work
“Women Participation In Panchayati Raj In Haryana.” The purpose of the paper is
to study the empowerment of women. The objective of empowering women cannot be
achieved alone via the provision of reservations; other social and demographic
elements influence the EWR to engage in local self-government actively. Even
though women make up half of the population, they have few options in terms of
politics, social life, economics, or health care. The treatment of women with
impairments has been a significant problem. Due to several social laws and
restrictions, they are also excluded from the decision-making process. Although
women in India now have the same legal and constitutional rights as males, they
still have a long way. Political and administrative decentralization is
essential in a vast and varied subcontinent. Every political system, old or
new, free or strict, massive or tiny, depends on citizen participation. Any
form of political structure will do well. These are the bodies in which
democratic choices are made. Mishra, A. (2018)[19]. Entitled his work “Multiple
marginalities: a study of the participation of women in Panchayati raj
institutions in Arunachal Pradesh.” This paper investigates the circumstances
and ramifications of expanding women's involvement in Arunachal Pradesh's
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). One of the most critical issues to be
addressed is whether or not including women in grassroots governance increases
the potential for a more inclusive form of government. According to the
research conclusions, the sheer presence of women in decentralized governance
is not enough to make local politics more inclusive. Positive discrimination in
one area has not been able to have a rippling impact on other types of
exclusion in the face of numerous marginalities. Female reservation in the PRIs
is still tied to patriarchal politics of identity, even though it has excellent
potential as a catalyst for change. The report concludes that a crucial step
towards greater gender parity has not been taken by reserving seats in PRIs for
women. |
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| Main Text |
Constitutional Provisions The 73rd
Amendment to the Constitution, 1992, is an institutional change, which secures
33% reservation of seats for rural women in the Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRI) in India. For the first time 33-40% women entered decision making from
the miniscule 2-4% in the earlier years. The backdrop is marked by illiteracy,
male dominance, casteism, deep-rooted cultural beliefs and values which do not
encourage women’s assertion but want them to be in their traditional roles as
dependent spouse, mother and housewife. Article 15 (3)
to the Constitution of India empowers State to make special provisions for
women. This constitutional mandate is recognition of the fact that women in
India need to be empowered socially and economically so as to ensure their full
participation in social, economic and political activities of the country.
However, to make use of potential of women and also to empower them, 73rd
Amendment Act 1992 (73rd CAA) for the first time provided one-third
reservations for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and thus ushered a
new era of women’s participation in the local governance in India. However,
journey of political empowerment of women in Panchayats has evolved gradually.
BalwantRai Mehta Committee Report (1959) had suggested only that the 20-member
PanchayatSamiti should co-opt or nominate two women interested in work among
women and children. The Ashok Mehta
Committee Report (1978) recommended a two-tier panchayat system, in which the
two women who polled the highest number of votes in the panchayat elections
would, even if they failed to actually get elected, stand co-opted into the
panchayat. Where no women contested elections, any two women known to be active
community workers, could be co-opted. National Perspective Plan for Women (1988)
recommended 30 percent reservation for women in these bodies. Meanwhile, some
states had already proceeded to provide reservations for women. In 1985,
Karnataka introduced 25 percent reservation for women in the
MandalPrajaParishads, with a further reservation for women belonging to the SCs
and STs. Andhra Pradesh, too, had in 1986 provided for reservation of 22-25
percent for the Gram Panchayat (GP), with two women to be co-opted in the
PanchayatSamitis, in addition to the elected women members. Article 243D of
the Constitution of India introduced through above-mentioned 73rd CAA provides
that one-third of the total number of seats and offices of the Chairpersons in
PRIs at each level shall be reserved for women to be allotted by rotation to
different constituencies in a Panchayat. Such reservations of seats and offices
of the chairpersons for women are also within the reservations for SCs and STs
in all three tiers of PRIs. That mean not less than one-third of all seats and
offices reserved for SCs and STs. Although 73rd CAA provides for only 1/3rd
reservation for women in PRIs, as many as 19 States (Andhra Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal,
Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana) have raised
reservation of seats and offices of chairpersons to women to 50%. Efforts are
on to increase the reservation from 1/3rd to 1/2 all over
India. There are approximately 13.45 lakh Elected Women Representatives (EWRs)
in PRIs which constitute 46.14% of total Elected Representatives (ERs). Reasons for
participation The usual
method of political participation is to exercise the right to vote in the
elections. Yet a large number of people are averse to political participation.
Political scientists have determined four reasons for such aloofness. First,
there may be apathy, which would mean the individual’s indifference towards or
abstention from electoral affairs. Such a mentality stems from a lack of
interest in political affairs. Second, there may be a certain “cynicism” rooted
in suspicion towards and distrust of the motive and activities of others. This
attitude develops because of the feeling that politics is a dirty game and that
the politicians are, usually, unscrupulous persons. Third, there may even be a
degree of “alienation” or hostility towards politics. In such cases, the person
keeps a distance from the active political system. Then, there is also a sense
of “anomie” — a feeling of personal ineffectiveness and divorce from the
society. It is because
of these reasons that some people keep themselves away from the centre of
affairs. It is significant that in the parliamentary election of 1984, the
voter participation was the highest (64 per cent), but subsequently, the
figures remained between 55.3 per cent and 62 per cent. A recent report reveals
that the voter-participation in some provinces has reached 70 per cent, but the
overall figure is not at all sufficient when compared with the 80 to 90 per
cent polling in Western countries. Obviously, there are some cogent reasons for this poor turnout. Politics in India has, in recent years, often become a dirty game and this is one of the reasons why many honest take no interest. Moreover, people often feel that sometimes crime and politics go hand-in-hand and the mafia-dons have polluted the atmosphere by their unholy alliance with the ruling party leaders. But if a large number of people stay away from the polling booths, democracy surely becomes a misnomer. Modern democracy has become an indirect system due to the enlargement of territory and population. So, people’s rule through elections has come to the fore. Naturally, it requires the active and full-fledged involvement of the people in electoral affairs. Hundreds of thousands of people remain away from polling booths and some others turn up only to cavil that they do not support any candidate fielded in the particular constituency. Hence they press the NOTA (None of the Above) button. Indian democracy is now suffering from a chronic ailment and it urgently needs to recover. Instead of blaming the absentees, it is imperative to purify our democracy so that it can serve the real interests of the people. Challenges before EWRs EWRs continue
to face many challenges. Important among these challenges are: (i)
Patriarchy: Except a few
tribal societies, particularly in north-east, Indian society in general
continues to suffer from patriarchy. Many EWRs continue to work as a rubber
stamp for their family members and also at times as proxies of rural elites.
Their male co-workers show insensitivity and refuse to cooperate. Burden of
household responsibilities, purdah (veil) system and domestic violence
negatively affect their functioning. (ii)Caste
System: Hierarchical
caste system in rural India makes it difficult for women from SC and ST
communities to function independently and effectively. Community or
Khappachayats functions parallel to panchayats and pressurizes EWRs to act in a
particular way. (iii)Lack of
Cooperation from Line/Sectoral Departments: EWRs, particularly the firsttimers find
it very difficult to deal with officialsof block/district administration and of
line/sectoral departments. Bureaucratic apathyand corruption is rampant which
makes theseEWRs de-motivated and disenchanted from thepanchayati raj. People’s
expectation to delivercoupled with non-cooperation of administrationfrustrate
these EWRs so much so that many atimes they are unwilling to contest for the
nextterm. (iv)Inadequate
Capacities: Majority of
EWRs enters into public life for the first time and do not have enough
knowledge and skills to handle affairs of panchayats. Training programmes
conducted by government training agencies are unable to cover all elected
representatives in time. A large number of ward members do not get an
opportunity to attend any training in their entire term. At times they are also
not allowed by their family members to travel and stay alone during the
residential trainings. Lack of education also puts constraints on EWRs. (v)Rotation
of Terms: Policy of reservation for only one term and rotation of
reserved seats and posts of chairperson also hinders consolidation of
leadership qualities among EWRs as it takes time for them to learn the skills
of handling and negotiating various conflicting interests within the panchayat.
By the time they learn these skills and start functioning effectively, their
term is over. Main reason behind their not being elected to PRIs cited by EWRs
is de-reservation of seats and offices of chairpersons. So far only five States
namely Chattisgarh, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Karnataka have already
made provisions for two term reservation of seats and offices of chairpersons. (vi)Encroachment
and Non-Payment of Taxes/ Fees: Elected representative in general andspecially EWRs face
resistance from communityif they want to remove encroachment frompanchayat
land/properties. Many a timesthey are subjected to violence from
powerfulelements of the society. Many rural householdsdo not want to pay taxes
and fees on timewhile expect panchayats to deliver public services and good in
time. Insistence by EWRs is resisted at times by violent protests. (vii)Two Child
Norm:A few States
are still continuing with the two child norm for contesting panchayat
elections. In rural areas women hardly have any say in the number of children
in the family and such laws restrict their entry into panchayats. (viii)Inadequate
Women Panchayat Functionaries: EWRs are more comfortable with womenfunctionaries.
However, there are very few women panchayat functionaries. Patriarchal mindsets
make it difficult for EWRs to freely interact with male functionaries at times
whenit is required. To help EWRs overcome these challenges tobe able to
contribute effectively in bringing positivechanges in rural areas, the
Government of Indiaalong with State Governments has undertakenseveral
initiatives. Role of women
in Panchayati Raj System Panchayats have
been the backbone of grass root democracy in the Indian villages since its
beginning. Gandhi had aptly favoured the panchayati raj and his dream got
translated with the passage of the Constitution (73rdAmendment) Act, 1992 (or
simply the Panchayati Raj Act), which introduced the three-tier Panchayati Raj
system to ensure people’s participation in rural reconstruction in general and
that of women in particular. It came into force with effect from April 24,
1993. Role of Women
in Panchayats 1. Participation
in election: The Act provides for the reservation of not less than
one-third of the total number of seats for women. It is an attempt to ensure
greater participation of women in election process directly and indirectly. It
would be the nursery of creating women politicians for national politics. Even
the participation of common women citizens in various activities such as attending
Gram Sabha meeting, etc. has reportedly increased (68-78 percent). 2. Participation
in rural development: Women are actively participating in rural
development as per their capacity right from labourers to policy- makers. 3. Participation
in decision-making: The participation of women as elected as well as
non-elected members are rising due to reservation for women. It acts as pull
factor for women to participate in meeting. They give their suggestions for
various works and problems faced by them. 4. Agent
of social revolution: Women are acting as an agent of change in the
society and raising voice against injustice and atrocities. 5. Reducing
corruption and violence: Due to women representatives nexus of
officers and male elected representatives are breaking, which has a direct
impact on reducing corruption. The role of local muscle power has substantially
reduced due to active participation and awareness of women about their rights
and power. 6. Reduction
in violence against women: Domestic violence has substantially
declined due to women pradhan or surpanch. These women representatives take
pro-actively take up such violence. The victims also feel free to share their
grievances to women representatives. 7. Reduction
in violence against Dalits: The dominance of upper caste patriarchs
are substantially declined, hence the shackles of caste is subsiding. 8. Practising
participatory democracy: Growing participation of marginalised section
in general and women in particular, is transforming our democratic setup from
representative democracy to participatory democracy. Difficulties
faced by women representatives in PRS 1. Political
intervention in the functioning of Panchayats. Achievements of Women in PRIs Due to patriarchy and perceived threat of male losing their domination of the political system, potential and achievements of elected women in PRIs was not recognized in the beginning. They were dismissed as proxies of their husbands and other male members of their families and at times as proxies of elites in the village. Their capacity to understand the process of governance and to lead the affairs of panchayats was questioned. However, many women elected representatives have made their mark in bringing positive changes in their areas. These elected women-now role models to the other women in their communities- are altering the development agenda to address issues critical to village life. The success stories number in millions. Women throughout India- from Orissa to Assam to Uttar Pradesh to Bihar- are ensuring that roads are repaired, electricity is brought to their villages, schools are built, latrines installed, medical services are available, water sources are made safe, local savings groups are formed, and the list goes on and on.”5 India Spend study 2017 in six districts of Tamil Nadu has found that 60% women elected representative of PRIs are functioning independently of their male family members or colleagues. All that elected women representatives of PRIs have been able to achieve does not mean that all the hurdles have vanished. |
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| Conclusion |
In conclusion it may be considered that to achieve the women empowerment, advancement can be facilitated with the co-ordination of different sections of the society such as male gentry, religious heads, political leaders who should come forward and shun their interpersonal interest even ego to understand and appreciate that the women are equally as important segments of society as men. Male chauvinism must go the sooner so much the better. Unless the male ridden society is transformed and replaced by a better socio-economic set up where men and women are equal co-workers, the future of human set up appears to be bleak.
With the establishment of PRIs in our country a woman gets an opportunity to prove her worth as a good administrator, decision-maker or a good leader. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 is a milestone in this regard. It provides women a chance to come forward. This experiment is proving to be a big success particularly by providing opportunity to women to come out of their houses and participate in administrative and political field. However, in many areas of our country this system has been captured by some elite people. The government should provide extra financial, administrative or political assistance to women for the success of the provision of the Amendment. Government should encourage research and development in effective implementation of provisions of 73rd amendment.
To sum up, reservation for women in PRIs provided by 73rd CAA and subsequent increase in the quota by States have brought an unprecedented huge number of women in governance arena in India. Women’s political empowerment of such magnitude is among the best in the world. However, EWRs have still not been able to realise their full potential as they face many challenges including patriarchy, inadequate capacities and self-confidence, rotation of terms etc. Government of India and State governments are making sincere efforts to strengthen EWRs through various initiatives of capacity building, promoting network of EWRs, SHGs-PRI convergence etc. Much more is desired to be done to further strengthen the hands of EWRs in future, it is for sure that EWRs in PRIs would contribute their best in achieving national goals of Samriddha Bharat (prosperous India) and Sashakta Bharat (empowered India) and the seventeen global Sustainable Development Goals to which India is committed. |
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| Suggestions for the future Study | Suggestions for effective participation of women in Panchayati Raj System 1. Political parties intervene in the election and functioning of Panchayats, creates hostile environment for the women contestants and women representatives. The government should take a strict action in such an intervention of political parties and elections should be conducted free and fair. 2. In rural areas political awareness among the women is negligible. It is the duty of the state government and local administration to educate the women about the political issues and create awareness among them. 3. Special training and refresher courses for women representatives should be conducted from time-to-time. It gives them confidence and creates political awareness and power. 4. Government should make special provisions for the women representatives and give them more powers as compared to male counterparts and educate them about their powers. It helps them to work efficiently and effectively. 5. There should be a provision to give honour and financial rewards to the women members for their exemplary works. 6. The rotation term of reserved seats should be made after every at least 10years. It would help women representatives to fix their feet in the panchayats. |
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