Happenings of Earth Summits: Better known as the Rio Earth Summit (1992: U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio-de Janeiro, Brazil) this historic event included many attendees who felt strongly that momentum was there for strong action to protect the world's environmental heritage now. More than 170 governments participated, with 118 sending their heads of state of government.

The conference was focused on more than just climate and included many other aspects related to environment and sustainability. This included toxins, water transportation and clean energy. One of the major outcomes of the Earth Summit was the development of the ground work for the UN Framework convention on climate change. The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC had one main goal- to stabilise and control green house gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere. This was to be based on the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) which acknowledges that while all countries had a common duty towards ensuring that climate change did not devastate our planet, nations had vastly different responsibilities when it came to mitigating their GHG emissions. This is because the problem of GHGs is the result of cumulative emissions, and developed nations, by virtue of their early industrialization are primarily responsible for the current GHG levels. After Kyoto the countries were divided into two main categories (1) Countries which undertook to make legally binding cuts to emissions, and the other countries which undertook to reduce their emissions as far as practicable.

Towards the end of the last decade, climate negotiations for a post Kyoto framework took a decided turn away from CBDR's top down, measure and mitigate philosophy. By this time, developed countries were beginning to increasingly protest against a climate framework which they felt was unfair since it imposed all the mitigation responsibilities on them without improving any binding duties on developing countries like India and China. Some countries even began to walk away from the Kyoto commitments.

A Longer term vision was introduced by the Bali Action Plan in 2007, which set timelines for the negotiations towards reaching a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, due to expire in 2012. It was expected that an agreement would be reached by December 2009. During the 2009 Copenhagen Summit the 195 countries that were represented postponed signing a global agreement until 2015. France was officially appointed host country during COP19 in Warsaw in 2013.

12 December 2015 will go down in history as a key date for humanity. The International Climate Agreement was approved at the end of the COP21. Having held its breath for the 12 days of intense negotiation between the 196 parties gathered at the Paris Conference, the planet can now breathe again. A balanced agreement was signed with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It confirms the core aim of limiting the increase in the average temperature to 2 degrees and endeavouring to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees in order to reduce the risks and impacts associated with the consequences of climate change.

The study reveals that many earth summits, environmental conferences, climate change summit have been held on world platform for solution of climate change, ozone depletion Co2 emissions, GHGs emissions and environmental degradation and are continuing to be held in future for coming generation.

These earth summit and climate change summit are listed here respectively.

1. 1972, The Stockholm conference on Human Environment.

2.  1979 1st World Climate Summit in Geneva Switzerland.

3. 1980, World Weather Science Organization Vienna.

4. 1985, Conservation of Ozone Layer Vienna Convention in Austria.

5. 1987, Montreal Protocol in Canada-to protect depletion of Ozone layer, to cut the consumption of CFCs product.    

6. 1988, Toronto Summit in Canada to cut the emission of CO2.

7. 1988, UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program) WMO world Metrological Organization, IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on  Climate Change) prepare a report on GHG effect on earth.

8. 1990, World Climate Summit organized and Intergovernmental  agreement committee made.

9. 1992, Rio-de-Janeiro, (The United Nation Conference on Environment and Development  UNCED) signed on Climate Change Convention by 152 countries.

10. 1994, ICPD Programme of Action.

11. 1995, Climate Change Convention in Berlin (Germany) (Cop-1)

12. 1996, Climate Change IInd Summit in Geneva Switzerland (Cop-2).

13. 1997, United Nation's IInd Earth Summit in New York- to evaluate Ezenda-21.

14. 1997, Climate Change IIIrd Summit in Kyoto Japan, (Kyoto Protocol) (Cop-3).

15. 1999, United Nations Climate Change Conference Born, Germany (Cop-5)

16. 2000, The Hague, Netherlands. (Cop-6)

17. 2001, Born Germany (Cop-6)

18. 2002, The World Summit on sustainable Development in Johannesburg  (South Africa)

19. 2004, UNFCCC Buenos Aires (Argentina) Tenth Conference of Parties  (Cop-10).

20. 2005, Climate Change Convention all Countries signed except U.S.A. &   Australia.Kyoto Protocol was ratified and Law was made.

21. 2007, Bali Action Plan which set timelines for the negotiation towards reaching a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol due to expire in 2012.

22. 2007, Copenhagen Summit, the 195 countries that were represented postponed signing a global agreement until 2015. (Cop-15)

23. 2010, United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancun Mexico participants: UNFCCC member countries also known as (Cop-16).

24. 2011, United Nations Climate Change Conference (Cop-17) was held in Durban South Africa to establish a new treaty to limit carbon emissions.

25. 2012, United Nations Climate Change conference was the 18 yearly session of the conference of the parties (Cop) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention in Doha (Qatar) also known as (Cop-18).

26. 2013, Cop-19 in Warsaw, Poland, France was officially appointed host country.

27. 2015, Cop-21 The International Climate Agreement was approved Paris Meet, France.

28. 2016, The France President signed the act authorizing the ratification of  the Paris Agreement.

Climate Change Solutions

Land use Solution to Climate change Research by Natural Conservancy estimates that the world could capture three gigatons of CO2 annually-equaling to taking more than 600 million cars off the roads simply by planting more trees.

In response to climate change, land is key. Today agriculture, forestry and other land uses account for roughly a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions, but adopting  sustainable land management strategies could provide more than one third of the near term emission reductions needed to keep warning well below the target-20C above pre- industrial levels set by Paris climate agreement.

Conservation organization like mine has long been working to balance the interaction between people and nature. But only recently have we fully grasped just how important land-use management is in addressing climate change (Land use can achieve 30 percent of Carbon cuts by 2030).

With the development of remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and biogeochemical modeling we can better forecast outcomes and develop strategies to manage and minimize adverse consequences.

Natural Climate Solutions:Some of the most promising ways to mitigate climate change are what we call "natural climate solutions" the conservation restoration and improved management of land in order to increase carbon storage or avoid greenhouse gas emissions in landscapes worldwide. The full potential of these solutions is detailed in a new study produced by Natural Conservancy and 15 other leading institutions.

1. Among the most important natural climate solutions, is protecting "frontier forests" printing woodlands that serve as natural carbon sinks. Infact tropical and northern forests as well as savannas and coastal ecosystems, store huge amount of carbon accumulated over centuries, when these areas are disturbed carbon is released. Preservation of frontier habitants also helps regulate water flows, reduces the risk of flooding and maintains biodiversity.

2. Reforestations other important natural solutions. Globally an estimated two billion hectares (4.9 billion acres) of land has been deforested or degraded. Because trees are the best carbon capture and storage technology the world has reversing these numbers would bring a significant reduction in global carbon levels. We estimate that the world could capture three giga tons of CO2 annually - equivalent to taking more than 600 million cars off the roads simply by planting more trees.

3. A third category of natural solution is agricultural reform. From field to fork, the food sector is a major contributor to climate change through direct and indirect emissions, and by its often negative effects on soil health and deforestation.

Recognizing these risks 23 global companies including Nestle, McDonald's Tesco and Unilever recently signed a commitment to hold deforestation in Brazil's Cerrado savanna. The region, which covers a quarter of the country, has come under growing pressure from production of beef, soy, and other commodities, together with the associated infrastructure.

In 2016 the world witnessed a dramatic 51 per cent increase in forest loss, equivalent to an area about the size of New Zealand. We need to buck this trend now, and help the world realize that land use planning is not simply a conservation story.

Some countries are moving in the right direction. The Indian government for example, has set aside $6 billion for states to invest in forest restoration. In Indonesia the government created a dedicated agency to protect and restore peatlands, bags and swamp like ecosystems that have immense CO2 storage capabilities.

But they are the exceptions. Of the 160 countries that committed to implementing the Paris climate agreement, only 36 have specified land use management in their emissions reduction strategies.

One way to get things moving, especially in the agricultural sector would be to remove or redirect subsidies that encourage excessive consumption of fertilizers, water, or energy in food production.

As Indian government officials reminded their peers during a World Trade organization meeting earlier this year, meaningful agricultural reforms can begin only when rich countries reduce the "disproportionately large" subsidies they give their farmers.

According to the climate policy initiative public financing for agriculture, forestry and land use mitigation attracted just $3 billion in 2014, compared to $49 billion for renewable energy generation and $26 billion for energy efficiency.

At the UN climate change meeting that just concluded in Bonn, Germany, global leaders reaffirmed that the world cannot respond adequately to rising temperatures if governments continue ignoring how forests farms, and coasts are managed. Now that there is a firm consensus governments must act on it.

Climate Change and Consumerism: Consumerism is an economic and cultural ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services. It is a belief that both personal happiness and economic prosperity stem from consumption, primarily of material goods (such as clothes and electronics).

It is estimated that 1.7 billion people around the world belong to the "Consumer Class". The consumer class includes people that are able to purchase non-essential goods (items that go above and beyond satisfying basic needs) such as expensive cars fancy jewellery, and big houses.

What is the problem with consumerism? Beyond the question of whether consumerism brings greater happiness, a major consequence of consumerism is its devastating environmental impacts. Making new products requires a lot of energy and resources while producing billions of tons of waste each year. In fact, many of the environmental issues that burden our world today; including climate change, can be linked to this consumer appetite for throwaway items such as the newest cell phone model or "fast fashion". One of the most powerful shifts to a more sustainable world lies in our everyday choices. Simple decisions such as not buying the latest gadget, choosing to bike better than drive, or using a reusable water bottle can help to mitigate climate change.

Facts and Figures: Consumerism:

1. Household consumerism is responsible for an estimated 60% of global green house gas emissions and between 50% and 80% of total land, resource, and water use.

2. The manufacturing of everyday goods is responsible for 20% of carbon dioxide emissions and 35% of global electricity use.

Climate Change Solutions and Consumerism at School: Marketers, businesses and advertisers target students. Infact corporations spend millions of dollars to capture the youth market by way of the classroom and school. With increasing concern about the substantial environmental problems associated with consumerism, schools are a fantastic place to take action on this issue. For instance, some schools have campaigned to "ban the bottle" halting the marketing of bottled water to students. Being critical of consumerism is increasingly taught in the classroom, and learning the effects of consumption on the environment is key to understanding the power of personal choices.

Students and schools can be climate leaders by education members of their community and taking action on reducing emissions related to overconsumption card and disposal of goods.

Climate Change Solutions: We can all agree on:

1. Green Infrastructure:   According to the advocacy group Environment Texas, heavy rains in Huston have increased 167 percent since 1950 but there are simple and cost-effective ways to absorb much of that water before it can cause damage. It's called green infrastructure.

Green infrastructure uses plants trees and soils on green roofs in trenches, and on green streets, to manage excess storm water in urban areas. It’s an easily solvable problem by doing more planting which then helps climate change, said Steve Cohen, Director of Colombia University's Earth Institute.

In urban areas green infrastructure creates permeable expanses where water can be absorbed instead of floating the sewers. The vegetation filters out pollutants, helps keep streets cooler, cleans the air, restores biodiversity sequesters greenhouse gases and increases property values, health and wellbeing. Green roofs can reduce energy demand as well as cooling and heating costs.

Restored and created ecosystems such as streams, rivers and wetlands are considered green infrastructure as well. While they perform the same functions as urban green infrastructure, they also help prevent flooding and recharge aquifers.

2. Modernization of the Grid: A modernized grid could ensure that important circuitry uses water-proof or weather resistant technology. It could incorporate microgrids, smaller independent systems fails. Modernizing the grid would also enable it to better incorporate distributed energy, where power is generated by solar panels in homes or building or wind turbines instead of by centralized utilities; and a modernized grid would deploy energy storage technology to even out the intermittent nature of wind and solar energy. A modernized grid would also provide increased defense against cyber attacks. It would have smart two way communication enabling operators to run the system more efficiently, which would mean lower costs for utilities and for customers; it would make it possible for the system to identify outages and restore service more quickly.

Modernizing the grid is extremely important for the growth of renewables because of where the renewable will be located geographically; "A smart grid can also go a long way towards addressing the intermittency problem of wind and solar, which will improve our overall electric system reliability.

3. Renewable Energy: Renewable sources like wind and solar care considered decentralized or distributed systems because they are made up of individual wind turbines or solar arrays. They provide a free and inexhaustible supply of energy that emits no global warming emission or other pollutants. Because they are clean, they protect our air and water and safeguard the environment. "The source of renewable energy, whether it is solar, wind or geothermal is free so the technology is going to get cheaper as time goes on it has been getting cheaper and will only get less expensive. Fossil fuels are getting harder to extract. You damage the environment when you extract them you have to ship them from where you get them to where you use them, and when you burn then you create climate change. Over the last decade, the US has generated eight times as much electricity from wind and solar as it did in 2007. Between 2008 and 2015 utility scale solar prices fell 64 per cent rooftop solar prices fell 54 per cent and wind has fallen 41 percent. A report from the environment New York Research and Policy Center predicts that solar prices will be cheaper than coal by 2025.

4. Carbon Pricing: In the U.S. and in much of the rest of the world, fossil fuels are heavily subsidized because the true cost of the impacts, resulting from the carbon dioxide emissions they generate extreme heat, drought, floods and health effects are paid for by taxpayers, not by the industries that produce the emissions. The international monetary fund estimated that globally, fossil fuels are receiving $5.3 trillion of subsidies due to costs that governments end up paying toward the impacts of air pollution. Floods, droughts and storms exacerbated by climate change. Most economist and policy makers agree that the most effective and cheapest way to curb the carbon dioxide emissions that are warming the plant is to "put a price on carbon". The climate leadership council, founded by Republican politicians, business leaders and economists authored the conservative case for carbon dividends a proposal for a revenue neutral tax on carbon.

5. Carbon Capture and Storage: The term "clean coal" general refers to carbon capture and storage. It involves capturing carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants, processing and transporting it, and storing it where it theoretically will not leak usually underground. Carbon can be captured from fossil fuel power plants before the fossil fuel is combusted through a gasification process; post combustion, the CO2 is separated from the flue gas with a filter made from a solvent that absorbs CO2. After the CO2 is captured it is compressed and transported via pipes to a storage site. Currently, it is mainly oil and gas companies that practice underground storage, or geological sequestration. In a process known as enhanced oil recovery, CO2 is injected into depleted oil or gas reserves to drive the remaining oil to the drilling site or improve its flow. In the U.S. only the Petra Nova Plant in Texas, which began operating in January, is capturing CO2 from coal burning and using it for enhanced oil recovery.

6. Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is the easiest and most cost-effective way to cut energy use and save people money. Its non polluting, much of it creates a lot of jobs. Its reliable it’s not intermittent, it does not run out, it does not have sitting controversies, and there's a lot of untapped potential. Energy efficiency allows utilities to save money by not having to build more power plants, power lines, and substations to produce energy and this also ultimately lowers electric rates for consumers. Energy Star is a good example of the effectiveness of energy efficiency. The 25 year old voluntary program certifies products, buildings, and homes that useless energy and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions. It has saved businesses and families about $430 billion is energy costs while costing only about $50 million a year, and employing 290,000 workers who manufacture Energy Star products and materials in the U.S.  The energy efficiency sector as a whole employs about 2.2 million people.

7. Unplug: Believe it or not, U.S. citizens spend more money on electricity to power devices when off than when on. Televisions, stereo, equipment, computers, battery chargers and a host of others gadgets and appliances consume more energy when seemingly switched off, so unplug them instead.

8. Solar Geo-engineering:   Scientists agree that cutting global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible will be key to tackling global warming. But with global emissions still on the rise, some researchers are now calling for more research into measures that could be taken alongside emissions cuts, including-controversially-the use of solar geoengineering technologies.

The possible uses, shortcomings, costs and feasibility of the six most commonly proposed solar geoengineering technologies are:

1. Aerosol infection

2. Marine cloud brightening

3. High-albedo crops and buildings

4. Ocean Mirror

5. Cloud thinning

6. Space Sunshades

9. Move closer to Work: One way to dramatically curtail transportation fuel needs is to move closer to work, use mass transit, or switch to walking, cycling or some other mode of transport that does not require anything other than human energy. There is also the option of working from home and telecommuting several days a week. Cutting down on long-distance travel would also help, most notably airplane flights, which are one of the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions and a source that arguably releases such emissions in the worst possible spot (Higher in the atmosphere).

Range of Emissions in Developed and Developing Countries: Between developed and developing countries significant variations can also be found with respect to the uncertainty range of their emission estimates (both direct and indirect emissions), which in turn are used as input for further analysis. In the case of direct emissions, some progress has been made in the diffusion of emission inventory methodologies under the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund investments in developing countries. However, for both developed and developing countries uncertainties are generally significant. Improving the quantification of indirect GHG emissions, which are significant relative to total GHG emissions, remains a challenge for all countries.1