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A Study of Psychoanalytic Approach to Dalit Literature | |||||||
Paper Id :
17650 Submission Date :
2023-05-17 Acceptance Date :
2023-05-22 Publication Date :
2023-05-25
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Abstract |
Literature, according to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, is a type of creative work that mostly includes plays, poems, and novels. There are various sorts of artistic works, like verse, fiction, short stories, and theater; by the by, out of these kinds of works, show is the hugest with regards to connecting the exhibitions of various people. In this light, the ontology-based formation of a Dalit identity within society and the revolution and struggle to bring about socioeconomic change are shown to be the roots of Dalit literature. It elaborates on the numerous facets of Dalit literature and delves deeper into its fundamental significance. Consequently, the objective of the writing delivered by Dalits is to obliterate the conventional, traditionalist, and moderate standpoint that is frequently connected with the impeded area, which for this situation alludes to the Dalits of India. There is a wide range of philosophies that emphasize women's dominance, their marginalization, and their desire for freedom due to the "difference" in their social, political, and educational environments. It is simple to tell these ideologies apart from one another. Despite the fact that feminism has gained recognition as an ideology with global relevance, the vitality of diverse feminist organizations is handled in a variety of social and cultural contexts in a variety of different ways. This article provides an overview of Dalit literature and investigates the extent to which female Dalit authors' contributions to the literary canon have allowed for the alteration of previously established norms. The medium through which society expresses itself is literature. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines literature as a type of creative writing that primarily consists of plays, poems, and novels. Literature is "one type of writing that is artistic," according to this definition. Literature can be broken down into a number of subgenres, such as poetry, novels, short stories, or drama; However, drama is the most important of these subgenres in terms of associating people's performances. The struggle and revolution that resulted in the ontology-based establishment of Dalit identity in society may be viewed as the origin of Dalit literature. It sheds light on numerous facets of the genuine concept of Dalit literature. Literature written by Dalits is used to deconstruct the orthodox, conservative, and reactionary attitude that is associated with the downtrodden section of society, also known as Dalits. The idea of feminism is no longer a huge one. There are a variety of philosophies that emphasize female dominance, marginalization, and the search for liberation as a result of their "difference" in the social, political, and educational contexts. Each of these philosophies is unique in its own way. Even though the philosophical perspective of feminism has come to be recognized as having global significance, various feminist groups' viability is dealt with in different ways based on the particular social and cultural conditions. The Dalit literature is reviewed in this article, with a focus on female Dalit authors and recent developments.
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Keywords | Dalit Identity, Dalit Women Writings, Conventionalism and Conservatism, Communalism, Feminism and Social Issues, Dalit Literature. | ||||||
Introduction |
Members of India's untouchable tribe have adopted the name "Dalit" as their own in order to distinguish themselves from other people. The disadvantaged members of Indian society who live on the outskirts of cities are referred to as "Dalits." Adivasis, landless homestead workers, laborers, the enduring masses, migratory and criminal clans, and women are all included in this category. It is significant to the untouchables as well as to every other person who is falling behind both socially and monetarily during the time spent the country's development. Academics interpret the term "Dalit" in a number of different ways. An ongoing exercise in fictional analysis will be the discussion regarding who exactly is a Dalit writer. Is anyone who depicts the day-to-day lives of Dalits considered a Dalit author, or is a composer who falls under the Dalit people category considered a Dalit author? Dalit authors have consistently criticized Class Hindu authors who write about Dalits for how insignificant their experiences and comforts are compared to Dalits'. Indeed, even the most ground breaking and imaginative authors, like Prem Chand, Mulk Raj Anand, T. S. Pillai, V. S. Khandekar, and a portion of the others who were accepted to mirror the spirits of Dalits, are not recognized. This is true. According to authors of Dalit literature, only Dalits possess the level of influence and expertise required to be a genuine Dalit musician. Their works are the writings of their own life blood, which is a trademark disturbance of the thoughts and considerations that have been stopped up throughout various many years [1].
The social revolution that took place at the time gave rise to Dalit literature. A democratic movement emerged in the 20th century, following colonialism and post-modernism, with the aim of establishing a fair society in which all people would be treated equally, regardless of their caste, color, or country of origin. The objectives of this movement were ultimately achieved. As a result of the demand for equality and human rights, members of society who were disadvantaged, depressed, and indigenous were compelled to act. Humanism was incorporated into Indian culture as well, so the country did not lag behind. In opposition to the traditionalist and stigmatized social attitude and culture, movements for social change gained momentum. The position framework, which has been the essential wellspring of cultural mistreatment and shamefulness coordinated on Dalit individuals for a long time, was the objective of the unrest's attack. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were leaders who spoke out against racism and oppression. Dalits took to composing as a useful outlet to communicate their perspectives and considerations. Dalit writing began in Marathi as the medium of instruction; However, beginning in the 1960s, a number of other dialects, including Gujarati, gained popularity. The campaign against reservation in Gujarat in the 1980s brought it to a very high level of prominence. Gujarati Dalit literature has become a well-known genre at this point.
Because its primary objective is to give Dalits a voice and address their concerns and challenges, this type of writing has its own unique values, forms, styles, and aesthetics. Vernacular dialects, otherwise called local dialects, are the essential method of correspondence, and they catch the fundamental center of the social scene at the grassroots level. The primary goal of Dalit literature, despite the fact that it is written in several regional languages, is to make sure that people all over the world understand Dalits' situation, aspirations, and circumstances. Translation is a crucial part when viewed from this angle. People all over the world may be more aware of Dalit literature if the translation is accurate and of high quality. Millions of people all over the world can get information about their concerns. The most significant factor in achieving this objective is the universality of English. An English translation of Dalit literature expands the mainstream literary treasure and makes Dalit literature more accessible to a wider audience [2].
In India, the majority of people who used to be referred to as "Untouchable" now refer to themselves as "Dalit." The expression "Dalit" alludes to the powerless individuals from Indian culture who dwell on the edges of the city and incorporates Adivasis, landless property laborers, workers, the getting through masses, transitory and criminal factions, as well as ladies. It is significant for everyone else who is socially and financially further and further behind as the nation develops, including the untouchables. Scholars are interpreting the term "Dalit" in a number of different ways. An ongoing discussion about potential Dalit authors will be part of the process of analyzing fictional works.
It is evident that even the most innovative and forward-thinking authors, such as Prem Chand, Mulk Raj Anand, T. S. Pillai, and V. S. Khandekar, as well as others who were intended to represent the energy of Dalits, are clearly undervalued. According to authors who identify as Dalits, one must be a Dalit by birth in order to possess the authority and knowledge required for the role in order to be considered a genuine Dalit musician. Because their works are the literature that gives them life, thoughts and ideas have been mixed up over many centuries. Literature written by Dalits was inspired by the struggle for social change. During the postmodernist era of the 20th century, following colonization, a democratic movement emerged with the goal of establishing a just society in which all people would be treated equally, regardless of their caste, color, or country of origin. The objective of this movement was to establish a society where people would be treated fairly. The native individuals, poor people, and other underestimated bunches in the public arena were propelled to battle for correspondence and basic freedoms by the goal to work on their general situation. India caught up quickly, and the humanist movement left an impression there as well. As an alternative to society's conventional and discriminatory mentality and culture, social reform groups have recently gained momentum.
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Objective of study | To study the Psychoanalytical approach to Dalit Literature. |
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Review of Literature | Dalit abstract, social, and political articulations
have lasted for an unusually long time. This has led to more of this kind of
literature being made available, as well as research into the many different
ways Dalit society expresses itself. In addition, society has provided the
authorities, journalists, professionals, activists, and politicians with
significant input. It is a necessary component "- It is essential to keep
in mind that the name "Dalit" is not yet an officially recognized
form; rather, it's a conversation that's going on and getting better over time.
In the meantime, each narrative, piece of writing, and political discussion not
only creates the social space that is associated with being a Dalit but also
conveys the unique pressures that the author, essayist, or legislator is under.
Despite the vast differences in vernacular, locale, sub-standings, and class,
the likelihood of the Dalit is dealt with in terms of the common understanding
of forbiddance and suffering as well as the norms of populist change [5]. This
is the kind of thing that should be perceived. As a result, every Dalit's voice
is communicated through articulation, and it's important to remember that the
Dalit's voice is also communicated through behavior, which helps to establish
this as the voice's strategy. To be successful, the Dalit style must therefore
structure itself within this dynamic. The actual demonstration of its creation
empowers it to talk its encounters, understand its ethical standing, and
expressive its arrangements for what is in store. The various approaches that can be utilized to
address the genuine understanding of Dalits most effectively are the primary
focus of the Dalit writing style. There is no record of Dalit articulation ever
being recorded. Readers have had the opportunity to investigate the effects of
location and class by flame broiling the edges in one section of recently
published research in the field of continuous events. The fact that, in
contrast to other writing styles, it does not begin or function primarily as an
exercise in abstraction is another essential aspect of the Dalit writing style.
They are more than just a school function; Instead, they are an abstract social
and social action. Each of them is a social marvel that is similar to the
other. Because of this, Dalit literature portrays the individual as being from
his or her region, just as the individual strives to remain in front of his or
her community and society. The significant relationship between the individual
self and the open self frustrates subjectivity in these personal histories.
Dalit scholars, on the other hand, do not use writing similarly as a
constructive power (making the emancipatory talk about the Dalit or the Working
Class), but rather as a pessimistic power, delineating the social substances,
both of the cumbersome structures of force and of the normal workers' sad
conditions, in a way that beats any hint of subjectivity. There is a certain
vitality to Dalit literature. In Dalit short stories, a modern experience of
untouchability is embodied. The heinous atrocities of the past as well as the
deceitful brutality of the present are implied in these stories. They
demonstrate the moral values—classes of greatness, dependability, truth, and
valuethat Dalits acquire, as well as the processes by which they develop an
all-around creative vitality [6]. As well as explaining and notwithstanding
explaining several certifiable obscurities and vulnerabilities, as well as
filling the more indisputable need of conferring the state of the art sort of
freedom supporter group, fortitude, and character of the more prominent and
comprehensive society, which has been the openness of the Dalit essayist over
the scope of their fundamental personal development, the liberative capacity of
Dalit writing and the standard goal and its message, shows the restriction of
explaining two or three veritable obscurities and vulnerabilities. During the
course of their own self-recovery, the Dalit creator, savant, and ideologue
also discovered a connected and extremely common stream of thought, code of
morals, and consecrated image structure with which significant ideological
linkage could be made without bending their documented truth. The
epistemological and generally applicable aspects of their entire endeavour are
brought to the forefront as a result. The Dalit literary movement began in Maharashtra
and spread to adjacent states like Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and
others after gaining traction there. The Sanskrit word "dalit," from
which we get the name "Dalit," is the source of the phrase
"pounded." This word is perceived in all Indian dialects since
Sanskrit is the first language of every single Indian language. The expression
"dalit" is taking its place as "untouchable" becomes less
common. There have been a few names used to describe the general population of
distant systems since quite some time ago. "Ati-Shudra,"
"Outside Castes," "Outcasts," "Depressed
Classes," and "Scheduled Castes" are among these terms.
Ex-Untouchables, for example The untouchables were those who were present when
upper-class Hindus, experts, and social reformers spoke specific words.
Negative terms like stigmatization, dominance, and paternalism are akin to
these. The Untouchables observed the beginning of these terms. Even though
Eleanor Zelliot noted that there is a distinct rejection of sullying, Karma,
and supported caste order, the general public who belong to this class are
required to portray themselves as "Dalits." As a result of this, the
public is required to portray themselves as Dalits. In Molesworth's
Marathi-English Dictionary, which was published in 1975, the term
"dalit" is defined as "ground, shattered, or crushed to
pieces." This is an earlier version of the term, first used in 1813. 7]
Dalit works similarly disregard traditional literature. The three most important
literary ideals—Satya, which means "truth," Shivam, which means
"goodness," and Sundaram, which means "superiority"—are the
focus of conventional opinion, and these debates need to be turned around.
Dalit task is dependent on the actual universe, regardless of what can be predicted,
and human beings have a greater capacity than either God or the country to move
with that. In this way, to decide if a Dalit has been fulfilled, one may either
follow Bharata's idea of Nayaka Dhirodat, Dhirlalit, Dhir Prasant, or
Dhiruddat, or he can carry out Jagannath's understanding of the section
VakyamrasatamkamKavayam. Dalit works cast off contemporary strategies like
Sigmund Freud's therapy, Roland Barthe's structuralism, or Jacques Derrida's
deconstruction approach. Additionally, Dalit literature disregards Indian
theories like rasa and Dhawni. C. B. Bharti's "the feel of Dalit
literature," which is an example of Dalit literature, discusses Dalit
chic. He asserts that the purpose of Dalit labor is to expose the wickedness
and lack of sincerity of the upper classes and to protest the established
system, which is based on injustice. To put it another way, the objective of
Dalit work is to demonstrate that the upper classes are dishonest. It is
urgently necessary to develop a distinctive aesthetic for Dalit poetry that is
based on lifelong experiences and insights. Dalit intellectual, social, and political ideas
have not been articulated for a significant amount of time over the past two
decades, which is unusual. This has brought about an expanded openness to such
material as well as an expanded interest with the different instruments. The
Dalit society has developed to provide the government, journalists,
specialists, activists, and legislators with a platform for speech and
essential social commentary. It's important to emphasize that the debate over
the name "Dalit" is just beginning to take shape right now. The
unique stresses that the author, essayist, or legislator was experiencing at
the time of writing, working on, or having the discussion are simultaneously
conveyed in each tale, piece of work, and political conversation that provides
Dalits with a social space that is shared by all. In addition to the guidelines for populist change,
the Dalit's potential is addressed by addressing the widely held notions of
prohibition and pain. It must be comprehended by considering the various
regional, social, economic, and vernacular contexts. Consequently, the Dalit
voice is conveyed through each and every articulation, which also serves as the
strategy behind the Dalit voice. The Dalit style must therefore devise a
strategy for organization within this fluidity. Through its conceptualization,
experience can be expressed verbally, comprehend moral stance, and represent
the future. The body of work that is known as "Dalit literature"
focuses primarily on figuring out the best ways to get an accurate
understanding of Dalits. Due to the practice of flame-boiling the edges, a portion of the most recent research on continuous events was able to investigate the position class impacts. Additionally, one of the most distinctive characteristics of Dalit literature is that it does not begin or function fundamentally as an exercise in abstraction. They are examples of comparative social marvels that represent socio-social interaction as an abstract act of performance beyond academic activities. |
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Main Text |
Maharashtra provided a fertile environment for the
development of Dalit literature as a result of this cooperation, as well as the
emergence of organizations like the Black Panthers in the United States and the
Indian Naxalite movement. Additionally, the leftist uprisings and the anti-war
movement that emerged in response to the Vietnam War were significant
contributors. Along these lines, the development began by the
Dark Pumas affected the Dalit Jaguars. As a result of this,
Dalit-literature-aspiring new writers found a home in little magazines, which
served as a platform for their literary debuts. Baburao Bagul, Namdeo Dhasal,
Sharan Kumar Limbale, Yashwant Manohar, Arjun Dangle, Daya Pawar, and
Shankarrao Karat, to name just a few, were among the notable individuals who
were active during this time period. Known as the "voice of the
voiceless," these social upheavals were a major source of inspiration for
Indian Dalit writers. The Dalit literature received a much-needed boost from
participants in the Dalit Panthers revolt. Maharashtra's perspective can provide
insight into this. Omprakash Valmiki, Chandra Bhan Prasad, Mohandas Namishray,
and Surajpal Chauhan became the main characters in an autobiographical work
called Tiraskrit (2002) about the Hindi region. Dalit ladies who were likewise dynamic members in
the development initially began composing and exploring different avenues
regarding various different points utilizing a wide range of systems. Sonnets,
short stories, and volumes of memoirs were used to let out the anger that had
been bottled up for centuries. The literary work that was written and performed
by women was called "Stri Dalit Sahitya" in the Indian state of
Maharashtra. Subsequently, columnists like Child Kamble, Kumud Pawde, Urmila
Pawar, and Sumitra Bhave portrayed or composed their encounters. Manju Bala and
Kalyani Thakur Charal, two authors, planned their meetings in Bengal. In
various parts of India, particularly in the southern part of the country, women
scholars like Bama, Sivakami, Sukirtharani, and Meena Kandasamy (all of whom
are from Tamil Nadu), activists like Ruth Manorama and Swathy Margaret,
Challapalli Swaroopa Rani (from Andhra Pradesh), and Du Saraswathi (from
Karnataka), and scholars like GoguSyamala have risen to prominence.
Additionally, Dalit works like Hans have been compiled as a result of an
increase in the production of abstract diaries. The number of different
interpretations of Dalit compositions has significantly increased in recent
years. These include Treasurys encompassing a variety of authors and types of
work by a variety of authors as well as analyses of specific works written by
Dalit academics. In more recent editions, one of the earlier interpretations,
first presented in Marathi Poisoned Bread (1994), has been made available.
Writing Caste/Writing Gender (2006), No Alphabet in Sight (2011), An Anthology
of Gujarati Dalit Literature (2011), Oxford India Anthology of Malayalam Dalit
Writing (2012), and Steel Nibs are sprouting are a few distinct examples of
this. There are very few examples of English-language fiction that address the
circumstances of Dalit characters in any significant way; However, this is yet
another emerging field. One of the projects with the most precise timing
includes Rohinton Mistry's "A Fine Balance." Other examples include
the 2005 novel "Hitchhiker" by Vinod George Joseph and Manu Joseph's
"Serious Men" The vast majority of journalists attempting to portray
the experiences of Dalits in English are non-dalits, with the exception of a
few essayists like Meena Kandasamy and writers like Sivakami, who has
deciphered her own portion works [4]. With the exception of a few essayists
like Meena Kandasamy, this is the case. One of the aspects of society that the revolution
sought to eradicate was the caste system, which had long been the primary cause
of Dalit social oppression and injustice. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Jyotiba
Phule, two important people, spoke out against discrimination and persecution.
Over the course of history, Dalit literature developed into a useful means of
expressing their points of view. Dalit literature was initially written in the
language of Marathi; However, in the 1960s, Gujarati and a few other languages
began to gain popularity. During the 1980s, it rose to gigantic conspicuousness
as an immediate consequence of the counter reservation activism that happened
in Gujarat. Gujarati Dalit literature has become a well-known genre at this
point in time. Because of the way that its significant object is to voice Dalit
complaints and dissatisfactions, this sort of writing utilizes various
particular standards, structures, styles, and feel. At the most fundamental level, the social milieu
can be conveyed through the primary medium, which may be a regional or
vernacular language. However, despite being written in regional languages, the
primary goal of Dalit literature is to convey the struggles, aspirations, and
circumstances of Dalits worldwide to the general public. Even more so,
translation contributes significantly to this in numerous ways. Dalit
literature is made accessible to an international audience by a skilled and
accurate translator. Millions of people around the world have been made aware
of their problems. Learning English is an essential step toward achieving this
goal because it is regarded as a universal language. A Dalit work that has been
translated into English not only reaches a larger audience but also contributes
significantly to popular literature. The collaboration of various groups and the
emergence of movements like the Black Panthers in the United States and the
Naxalite movement in India led to the birth of the Dalit writing movement in
Maharashtra. Additionally, the leftist uprisings and the anti-Vietnam War
campaign played a significant role in this. The Dalit Panthers were also
affected by the Black Panthers' movement. In this situation, a few little
diaries went about as a discussion to acquaint forthcoming Dalit essayists with
a market that had not been taken advantage of up until that point. During this
time span, there were numerous celebrities who were dynamic, including Baburao
Bagul, Namdeo Dhasal, Sharan Kumar Limbale, Yashwant Manohar, Arjun Hang, Daya
Pawar, and Shankarrao Karat. Indian Dalit authors, who were referred to as the
"voice of the people," were significantly encouraged by uprisings of
this kind. Women who identify as Dalits and have written books
exist in addition to the authors on this list. These writers were likewise
dynamic players in the development of composing and have explored different
avenues regarding various scholarly configurations. Collections of sonnets,
short stories, and memoirs brought to light the circumstances that had been
hidden for hundreds of years. The writing that was presented by women in the
state of Maharashtra was known as "Sri Dalit Sahitya." A number of
journalists, including Baby Kamble, Kumud Pawde, Urmila Pawar, and Sumitra
Bhave, wrote about or portrayed their personal experiences as a direct result
of the event. Moreover, the Bengali creators Manju Bala and Kalyani Thakur
Charal made critical commitments to the group of Dalit writing. During that time, a number of women from various
parts of India, particularly the southern part, became well-known painters.
Campaigners like Swathy Margaret and Ruth Manorama are among these artists, as
are academics like Bama, Sivakami, Sukirtharani, and Meena Kandasamy—all of
whom hail from the state of Tamil Nadu—GoguSyamala, Challapalli Swaroopa
Rani—all of whom hail from the state of Andhra Pradesh—and Du Saraswathi—all of
whom hail from Karnataka—all of whom hail from Additionally, the number of
abstract publications promoting Dalit compositions like Hans has significantly
increased. In the latest few years, there has been an ascent in the quantity of
understandings of creations that have a Dalit point of view. Treasurys with
contributions from a wide range of authors and formats are among these, as are
examinations of specific texts written by Dalit academics. In more recent
editions that have been published in print, one of the earliest interpretations
of Marathi Poisoned Bread (1994) has been included. The feminist movement in India was concerned about
the problems that women from upper-middle class and upper-caste backgrounds
faced from the beginning. Their occurrence was believed to be "female's
proof." Gopal Guru asks the question, "Dalit Female Talk in a
Different Way," whether the hegemonic ambition of Brahminical Feminism
should speak for the "Indian Female." In traditional women's activist
talk, the issues looked by Dalit ladies were either totally disregarded or
given simply a representative voice. The Dalit woman has often been
misrepresented as a result of this trivial portrayal. "Communal place that
demonstrates the understanding of reality is a key feature that makes the
representation of Dalit female's concerns by non-Dalit female less acceptable
and less authentic," as Guru put it, refers to the discussion. While
critics of feminism in India have examined the relationship between class and
gender, the issue of how caste relates to gender remains unanswered at this
time. "Class, caste, and gender are intimately interwoven," says Uma
Chakravarti. they affect each other and interact with one another." The
plan of marriage, sexuality, and generation shapes the underpinning of the rank
framework. Due to the fabric demonstrations of these categories, it is
impossible to investigate the socio-cultural categories of caste and gender
separately within the context of specific Indian history. The revered practices
that evaded issues of rank and orientation have previously been researched. In
her article, Anupama Rao makes the observation that an investigation into the
shared histories and educational foundations of Dalit Bahujan feminists and
theoreticians is required in light of the recent progress they have made. Understanding
how procreation is established and who is in charge of it according to social
caste is just as important as understanding how building is planned and who is
responsible for shifting it based on social class. Through restrictions on
sexual activity and marriage, the concept of caste legitimizes and facilitates
female control. The social system known as caste was developed in India. In
order to preserve the distinctiveness of a woman's caste, it is necessary to
restrict her sexual freedom. As a means of safeguarding the "purity"
of the caste system—considered to be the root cause of its rigidity and
inequality—a ban on marriages between members of other castes is currently in
the works [8]. Therefore, discussions of caste are avoided by
women's movements. The view held by women's activists is that all ladies are
dependent upon similar persecution because of the man controlled society, and
that variables, for example, class and standing are immaterial. Even when there
is no such feeling, this is done to instill a sense of solidarity among women.
It is in this way a confusion that the disposal of male controlled society
would bring about the goal of all issues relating to ladies. Despite the fact
that capitalism is the driving force behind both patriarchy and caste, they are
firmly of the opinion that if patriarchy is addressed, caste would also
disappear. This argument is based on the idea that people of lower castes are
also subjected to subjugation in a similar way that women are. Women's
movements did not make much of an effort to address Dalit women's issues in
India [9]. The oppression of Dalit ladies can't be set in
similar classification as those connecting with different classes. However, in
order to comprehend it, one must construct their own conceptual framework.
Women are subjected to oppression regardless of social class or caste; rather,
each and every woman who has experienced oppression has a distinct story to
tell. It largely depends on the kind of situation they're in. It is fair to say
that violence against women does not just happen in some parts of the world;
However, societal and economic factors do contribute significantly to the
problem. There have been a number of cases of dowry-related murder, torture,
and other forms of violence in India, most of which have targeted middle- and
upper-class women. When it comes to incidents of violence against middle-class
and upper-class women, it is significantly more structured; However, when it
comes to the oppression of Dalit women, this is not the case. Compared to Dalit
women, upper-class women are more likely to encounter patriarchal issues. The
idea of patriarchy is based on Hindu mythological characters like Sita,
Savitri, Draupadi, and others. These ladies are displayed as making a definitive
penance for their spouses and kids. Because Dalit women are not as affected by
patriarchy as upper-caste women are, they do not worship their husbands.
Subsequently, upper-position ladies love their spouses. Locally of Dalits,
ladies are not alluded to by the name of their better half; rather, they have
their own identity and work independently, up to a point, without considering
gender bias. Dalit activist Ilaiah maintains that the culture of her society
gives women in her society more social and economic autonomy. Dalit feminism is at the top of the list when
compared to other groups. The women are exploited not only because they are
women but also because they are Dalits. Bama was the first dalit woman to break
out of the shadows. Sangati is her autobiography written in Tamil and told from
the dalit people's point of view. Female characters are depicted as depressed
and hopeless in the book's beginning. However, near the book's conclusion,
these same characters are shown to be brave and fearless despite everything
that goes wrong. The best way to avoid these problems is to talk to other
people and have a good time. They relish their newly acquired notoriety and
power. In order to work and live on her own, the book's narrator breaks free
from the shackles the community has imposed on her. She was able to become
independent, but she had to give up the name that was associated with her caste
in order to do so. It is important to keep this in mind. because she was still
worried that she would be treated differently. Despite their higher rates of
education and independence than other women, Dalit women are still abused. By
putting their frail selves in the past, picking up a pen and paper, and moving
forward, they can get rid of the terrible bias and protest against the
prejudice by speaking out [10]. Dalit laborers do the same things and don't read
standard books. The traditional way of thinking emphasizes the literature's
Satya (fact), Shivam (goodness), and Sundaram (superiority), all of which must
be flipped. Working as a Dalit, contrary to popular belief, requires being
reliant on and able to move around in the real world. Individuals, rather than
God or a country, are more fit to do this undertaking. Dalit works deny current speculations, for example,
Jacques Derrida's deconstruction hypothesis, Roland Barthe's structuralism, and
Sigmund Freud's therapy. Dalit literature also rejects Indian theories like
rasa and Dhawni. C. B. Bharti examines the Dalit writing style in his article
titled "The Feel of Dalit Literature." As indicated by him, the
reason for Dalit work is to condemn the current framework that depends on
unfairness and to uncover the brutality and trickiness of the greater classes.
The Dalit labor movement wants this to happen. The development of a poetry
aesthetic that is distinctly Dalit and is based on actual life events and
observations is of the utmost importance. Concerns about the difficulties faced
by women from upper-middle class and upper-caste families were voiced almost
from the beginning of the feminist movement in India. They have been referred
to as "the proof of the female" ever since they occurred. Gopal Guru
challenged the dominant tendency of Brahminical feminism to speak on behalf of
the "Indian Female" in his article "Dalit Female Talk in a
Different Way." Dalit women's challenges were either completely ignored or
only given a symbolic voice in traditional feminist discourse. The Dalit people
have always been associated with this tiny image. She was successful in achieving independence, which
is a significant achievement; However, she was required to give up her caste
name in order to do so. because she never stopped worrying about being treated
differently. Despite the fact that Dalit women now have more opportunities for
independence and education than ever before, they are still victims of
violence. By putting their fragile selves in the past and moving forward while
holding a pen and paper, the individual can speak out against prejudice and
discrimination in response to this injustice. The Dalit literary community has made significant literary progress since Ambedkar's time, developing into a significant literary sector. A Dalit population that is open to a wide range of social and economic shifts has developed a number of revolutionary concerns as a result. The task of restoring the shattered state of consciousness caused by identity theft has been accomplished successfully. Although it began with Marathi in the 1960s, the journey has since included a wider variety of languages and locations. This has now grown into its own branch in Indian literature, which is rich in literary, social, religious, political, historical, and economic aspects. |
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Conclusion |
Dalit literature has been overlooked and ignored because it is not included in the Marathi literary canon. As a rule, however particularly in Maharashtra, individuals of upper standings have shown a huge level of narrow-mindedness and scorn toward those in lower ranks, and this issue has been deficiently dealt with in India. The individual has been unable to take part in social activities as a result of the texts' complexity. In all works of Dalit literature, the lives of Dalits are the only topic of discussion. To put it another way, it is impossible to evaluate anything solely on its aesthetic qualities; Instead, one needs to think about true statements that are based on one's own experiences. Consequently, this article clearly demonstrates the power of Dalit writings, particularly those written by women. These writings have had a significant impact not only on individuals' attitudes and perspectives but also on society as a whole.
The literature known as Dalit Literature has grown into a significant subgenre of literature since Ambedkar's time. As a result, a wide range of revolutionary issues have emerged within the Dalit community, which is already vulnerable to significant social and economic shifts. This has prevailed with regard to energizing up the mindfulness that was broken to break the character, which was the planned point. If we assume that the journey started in Marathi in the 1960s, we can say that it has since spread to other languages and locations. Indian literature, which is distinguished by its abundance of literary, social, religious, political, historical, and economic elements, has established a branch of this at this time. Inside the bigger standard of standard Marathi writing, the compositions of Dalits are consigned to the fringe, where they have been generally disregarded. This has been met with a terrible response in India, especially in the state of Maharashtra, where members of higher castes have shown a lot of prejudice in addition to their neglect. People's social lives have been affected by difficult and negative experiences as a result of the texts' intensity. Only works that are directly relevant to Dalit life are included in the canon of Dalit literature. Nothing can be evaluated solely based on its aesthetic qualities; instead, one needs to think about how sincere and genuine it is in how it talks about the experiences. The same can be said for its lack of interest, artistic quality, insensitivity, and propagandistic nature. As per SharankumarLimbale, the writing of Dalits has changed Savarna society in a manner that has gotten a lot of progress in the hearts and psyches of the people who relate to the Savarna social class. |
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