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Comparision of Petrogenic and Pyrogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) Present in Ganga River Studied in Haridwar and Varanasi District |
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| Paper Id :
17788 Submission Date :
2023-07-06 Acceptance Date :
2023-07-12 Publication Date :
2023-07-17
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| Abstract |
Hazardous organic compounds known as polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be arranged in clusters, lines, or angles. They range
from naphthalene to coronene, with molecular weights ranging from 128 to 278.
They contain 2-7 fused carbon rings that may have substitution groups attached.
They are found worldwide in terrestrial, aquatic systems, and atmospheric and
typically have low vapor pressure (Albers 2002, Scally 2005, Kumar et al.,
2014). Some examples of petrogenic PHAs are Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene,
Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Dibenzothiophene and pyrogenic PHAs are Anthracene,
Benzo(a) anthracene, Fluoranthene, pyrene and Benzo9a) anthracene. |
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| Keywords | Ganga, PAHs, DDT, Haridwar, Varanasi, Pyrogenic, Petrogenic and Plastic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction | In India, pollution in most of the rivers has reached to its
disaster point. Many rivers, including the great Ganga, have been impacted by a
large human population and anthropogenic activities such as urban, industrial,
and agricultural activity. Approximately 37% of Indians live along the Ganges
River. About 47% of India's total irrigated land is supported by the Ganga.
Factors Contributing to Ganga Pollution 1. Resistance River Flows: Due to
depletion of huge amount of solid waste into the river, it gets immersed
beneath a river and when the time passes with continuously water flow sand and
garbage develop heap of trash, which create the barrier in the flow of river 2.
Religious factor: Crowd bathing in the Ganga during holidays is another
unsustainable custom. When thousands of people visit Ganga snan, the
enhancement occur in B.O.D significantly. The riverbeds burned body parts;
partly burned remains are often dropped into the river. After performing
religious rituals, individuals immerse objects like flowers, ash, and antique
figurines in the Ganges for esoteric purposes. 3. Managing agriculture and
solid waste :Due to increasing demand and decreasing production, many
agricultural activities are occurring in our country. People employ hazardous
fertilisers and chemicals that poison the water and kill all the bacteria in
the soil. Water contamination is caused by pesticides like atrazine, benomyl,
and linuron, among others. DDT is the major risk to the Ganga. Plastic is
widely used and in huge amount along with other rubbish are dumped into the
Ganga in urban areas. |
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| Objective of study |
Analysis of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs. |
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| Review of Literature | 1. Singh and
Suthar (2021) discovered the incidence of fifteen different PPCPs
(pharmaceuticals and personal care products) (diclofenac, ketoprofen,
acetaminophen, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, metoprolol,
ibuprofen, amoxicillin, salicylic acid, ofloxacin, N, N diethyl-meta-toluamide,
triclosan, β-Estradiol, and caffeine) belongs to 8 various classes in an urban
stretch of Ganga River were detected for three seasons in 2 sacred urban
regions Haridwar and Rishikesh (India). Higher amounts of PPCPs were found in
the more anthropogenic sources affected portions of the Ganges River at
Haridwar, where the amount varied from Below Detectable Limit (BDL) to 1104.8
ng/L overall. The most common substances to be detected in the river were
triclosan, N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), tetracycline, caffeine and
acetaminophen (>90 to100 percent). 2. In October
2016, Kamboj et al., (2016) conducted a study to compare the WQ of the river
Ganga. Samples were taken from 4 distinct ritual bathing Ghats along the Ganga
River: site 1 Swarg Ashram Ghat in Rishikesh, site 2 Goa Beach in Rishikesh
(control Site), site 3 Shukratal Ghat in Shukrata and site 4 Hari ki Pauri Ghat
in Haridwar. To examine the physical and chemical as well as bacteriological
features, water samples were taken from 4 distinct ceremonial bathing Ghats. 3. Mishra et.,
(2009) determined the optimum specified purpose of the stream water for
different objectives, ecological characteristics PO4- 3, including NO3-, DO,
pH, and bacterial population were analysed and compared with standard
acceptable limits. A study found that water in Varanasi was not appropriate for
human and animal intake. The results revealed that the levels of FC (20.9 x 103
per 100 mL), FS (93 x 103 per 100 mL), TC (25.4 x 103 per 100 mL), Clostridium
perfringens (396/100mL), total bacterial density (1.43 x 103 per L), and E.
coli (6.9 x 103 per 100 mL), were substantially high and much beyond the
permissible limit of WHO and ISI 4. Abed and
Jazie (2014) investigated the Ganga River WQ research in order to document any
significant shift that may have occurred over the course of 3 months in a row
of sampling in 2013. A thorough investigation has been done to determine the
Ganga's WQ in Varanasi. Thirty-six samples of water were gathered and examined
for physio-chemical characteristics from 4 sampling stations: the Bypass Bridge
upstream, Raj Ghat bridge, Dashswamedh Ghat, and Assi Ghat downstream (Temp,
hardness, TDS, BOD, DO, pH, and free CO2). 5. The research
by Singh and Katiyar (2020) includes assessments to track the pertinent
physiochemical and biological pollution markers in the water system of
evaluation of the system's polluted states, choice, and estimation of the system's
capacity to absorb the current pollution load. The EC, pH, temperature, total
hardness, alkalinity, and calcium hardness were all found to be within the
allowable range, according to the findings on the physiochemical
characteristics of water from 10 distinct places in the cities of Varanasi and
Prayagraj along the Ganga River
6. The samples
of water were taken periodically from 9 chosen locations along the central
section of the Ganga River from Haridwar to Kanpur by Kumar et al., (2019).
During the hot season (March to June), dry season (Nov to Jan), and wet season
(July to Sept) seasons from November 2016 to September 2017, the velocity,
temperature, hardness, alkalinity, pH, DO, BOD, and COD, as well as analysis of
heavy metal of sediment and water samples, all were examined. By using an
atomic absorption spectrophotometer, the levels of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr were
examined. Using WHO and BIS criteria, the WQI measured the quality of the
water. |
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| Main Text |
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| Methodology | Hazardous organic compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be arranged in clusters, lines, or angles. They range from naphthalene to coronene, with molecular weights ranging from 128 to 278. They contain 2-7 fused carbon rings that may have substitution groups attached. They are found worldwide in terrestrial, aquatic systems, and atmospheric and typically have low vapor pressure (Albers 2002, Scally 2005, Kumar et al., 2014). Some examples of petrogenic PHAs are Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Dibenzothiophene and pyrogenic PHAs are Anthracene , Benzo(a)anthracene, Fluoranthene, pyrene and Benzo9a)anthracene. |
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| Analysis | Comparision of petrogenic PAHs .
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| Findings | Analysis of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs . | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conclusion |
The naphthalene found in Varanasi district is much higher in amount i.e 14.7 (µg/l) than in Haridwar district which is 12.5 (µg/l) . Acenaphthylene in Haridwar is 1.2 (µg/l) wheras in Varanasi is 1.18 (µg/l) .Fluorene found in Varanasi 1.3 (µg/l) and in Haridwar is 1.12 (µg/l) . Phenanthrene in Haridwar is 0.92 Where as in Varanasi is 1.0 (µg/l) . Dibenzothiophene in Haridwar is 0.97 (µg/l) and Varanasi is 0.82 (µg/l) .Anthracene in Haridwar is 0.2 (µg/l) and in Varanasi is 0.28 (µg/l) . Benzo(b)fluoranthene is 0.04 (µg/l) in haridwar and 0.07 (µg/l) in Varanasi district . Pyrene found in Haridwar is 0.07 (µg/l) and 0.09 (µg/l) in Varanasi . Benzo(a)anthracene in Haridwar is 0.75 (µg/l) and in Varanasi it is found 0.87 (µg/l). |
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| References | 1. Singh, V., &
Suthar, S. (2021). Occurrence, seasonal variations, and ecological risk of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products in River Ganges at two holy cities
of India. Chemosphere, 268, 129331. Singh, V., & Suthar, S. (2021). |
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