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In Kanpur, it was found that the Ganga, water was very polluted, which may be linked to direct industrial effluent discharge in addition to sewage and other pollution discharges. The downstream DO level was relatively low compared to the upstream side's constant and somewhat higher threshold limit. However, in 2019 it increased and showed a tendency of growth. The BOD level at the downstream side was found to be much higher than 3 mg/L in every four years, indicating that organic pollutants from both industrial and residential sectors had contaminated the river waterThe concentration of TC and FC revealed significant industrial and human influence in the Ganga River system in Kanpur. When harmful bacteria are present in such high concentrations, both people and animals may suffer. Although the trend for TC (Total Coliform) and FC (Fecal Coliform) bacteria has been declining since 2017, there is still more work to be done, both administratively and in the community

To analyse physico-chemical parameters and ionic concentration.

1. Rout et al., (2022) identified the architecture of community microbes as well as its roles in sediments of Ganga River in Kanpur (India), along 3 polluted lengths employing HiSeq 2500 Illumina for metagenomics in high-resolution. Bacteria comprise with over 82% of the microorganisms in 3 sediment samples from the polluted Ganges. α, β, and γ Pseudomonadota are the predominant bacterium phylum in 3 samples of sediment. Significantly more genes implicated in the breakdown of chlorobenzene, chlorocyclohexane, xenobiotic substances nitrotoluene, benzoate, and aminobenzoate were present in the microbiota of contaminated areas. In the metagenome data of sediment from the Ganga River, pathway analysis utilising the KEGG database indicated a greater prevalence of genes responsible for metabolism of energy, including nitrogen, methane, sulphur, carbon and oxidative phosphorylation fixation pathways

2. The samples of water were taken periodically from 9 chosen locations along the central section of the Ganga River from Haridwar to Kanpur by Kumar et al., (2019). During the hot season (March to June), dry season (Nov to Jan), and wet season (July to Sept) seasons from November 2016 to September 2017, the velocity, temperature, hardness, alkalinity, pH, DO, BOD, and COD, as well as analysis of heavy metal of sediment and water samples, all were examined

3. Singh et al., (2018) conducted an analysis of records obtained from the CPCB of India, which continually tracks several quality metrics of water throughout the season at periodic intervals. Statistical analysis for the various Ganges River biogeochemical WQ metrics has been done. 6 cities have been selected for analysis of the Ganga River's water quality. The 6 cities that were selected are Kanpur, Kolkata, Varanasi, Allahabad, Haridwar, and Patna, all of them are located along the Ganga River

4. The importance of the association among the physio-chemical characteristics of water samples taken from the Ganga River in Kanpur was examined by Madhulekha et al., (2017). At the sampling station of Kanpur, samples of water were taken throughout the warm, rainy, and cold seasons of the 2016 and 2017 academic year from 3 sampling sites along the Ganga: siddnath ghat, dhoni ghat, and bithor ghat.

5. On foggy days in Kanpur, Singh and Gupta (2016) reported the geographical distribution, potential sources, and quantities of 16 PAHs that were deposited on submicron particles and assessed the health risk they posed. 24 urban fog day samples from Kanpur, the most populous city in India's Indo-Gangetic plain as well as a major urban centre in the north, were tested for 16 PAHs (2 to 6 rings).

6. In the years 2011 and 2012, Tiwari et al., (2016) collected samples of water from the River Ganges in Allahabad, Kanpur, and Varanasi locations for the research. Cold weather had the lowest temperature (17°C) ever recorded. At the Allahabad location, the values for TDS, sulphate, EC, pH, phosphate, COD, NO3-, and BOD were at their lowest. 

Physical Parameters i. pH ii. Temperature iii. Hardness iv. Conductance v. Turbidity vi. TS (Total Solids) vii. TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) Inorganic content i. Fluoride ii. Nitrate iii. Iron iv. Calcium v. Magnesium vi. Sulphate

Physico – chemical parameters

Ionic concentration-

No of sample	Fluoride	Nitrate	Iron	Calcium	Magnesium	Sulphate
	(mg/l)	(mg/l)	(mg/l)	(mg/l)	(mg/l)	(mg/l)
1	0.165	26.545	0.1275	33.075	16.6675	29.4875
2	0.47	28.775	0.455	27.5	15.225	36.74
3	0.26	33.4	1.2425	30.9	14.35	34.4725
4	0.4725	34.5475	0.4275	31.875	11.25	25.195
5	0.326	32.546	0.333	28.36	13.6	28.16
6	0.155	26.958	0.187	32.075	16.85	30.64
7	0.25	32.5	1.345	30.8	14.39	32.89
8	0.52	27.75	0.420	27.9	15.778	36.35
9	0.348	31.5	1.20	28.35	13.8	28.358
10	0.456	34.9	0.555	30.54	10.65	23.568

The pH is found in the range in 7.42 to 8.25, hardness is in between 103 to 197.7mg/l , conductance is in between 242 to 624.325 mhos/cm ,Total solids is in range between 193 to 491 mg/l , Fluoride ion concentration is in between 0.155 to 0.52 mg/l ,Nitrate ion concentration is in the range of 26 to 34 mg/l , Iron ion is in between 0.1 to 1.3 mg/l, calcium ion is in between 27 to 34 mg/l , magnesium ion is in the range of 10.65 to16.85 mg/l , sulphate ion concentration is in between 23 to 37 mg/l.

1. Rout, A. K., Dehury, B., Parida, P. K., Sarkar, D. J., Behera, B., Das, B. K., ... & Behera, B. K. (2022). Taxonomic profiling and functional gene annotation of microbial communities in sediment of river Ganga at Kanpur, India: insights from whole-genome metagenomics study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(54), 82309-82323 2. Kumar, D., Malik, D. S., Kumar, N., Gupta, N., & Gupta, V. (2020). Spatial changes in water and heavy metal contamination in water and sediment of river Ganga in the river belt Haridwar to Kanpur. Environmental geochemistry and health, 42(7), 2059-2079.. 3. Singh, D., Singh, B. B., & Kumar, Y. (2018). Spatio-temporal variability of physico-chemical and biological water quality parameters of river ganges in six cities situated on Indo-Gangetic plain transect. Am J Water Resour, 6(6), 235-245.. 4. Madhulekha, S. A., & Agarwal, S. (2017). Study of Correlation Coefficient for Physico-chemical parameter to assess the water quality of river Ganga at Kanpur, India. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(8), 1-6.. 5. Singh, D. K., & Gupta, T. (2016). Effect through inhalation on human health of PM1 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from foggy days in northern part of India. Journal of hazardous materials, 306, 257- 268. 6. Tiwari, A., Dwivedi, A. C., & Mayank, P. (2016). Time scale changes in the water quality of the Ganga River, India and estimation of suitability for exotic and hardy fishes. Hydrology Current Research, 7(3), 254