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Effects of
Prenatal Yogic Exercises on Bmi During II and III Treimesters |
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| Paper Id :
18058 Submission Date :
2023-09-12 Acceptance Date :
2023-09-22 Publication Date :
2023-09-25
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| Abstract |
Pregnancy is considered as the genesis of new chapter. Any
folie is an analogue to the fatalistic repercussion of the foetus, which may
conjointly may have the affect the child, subsequently in later life. Vigorous
unit activities, erstwhile wont to accomplish painless deliveries and normal
birth rate. Sterilization of trends have changed the scenario, as engaging is
any toil activity, at present, is perceived as a dangerous act, and thus,
adhered as of precarious connected risks. Jam packed furnishings and ample of
apparatus are being utilized in 21st century, which have modified the
progressive leaning position to rear leaning position, which certainly has
affected the labor structure, inflicting unfavorable ingress of baby in pelvis.
But fortunately, due to various upcoming studies with positive attributes, is
ever changing perspective and doctors are recommending safety and precautionary
measures, by which the exercises can be implemented. In the following study the
effects of prenatal yogic exercises is revealed using t-test. To serve the
purpose 40 pregnant women were tested on BMI variable. Out of 40, 20 were given
yoga sessions and 20 were controlled. The result showcased a positive impact of
yogic exercises in last trimester. |
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| Keywords | Prenatal Yoga, BMI, Ideal Weight Gain During Pregnancy, II and III Trimester. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Introduction | Pregnancy and Weight Gain Prenatal yoga is a systematized technique, where at the loftiest level, it is ethereal, at the betwixt it is psycho-physical and at the nethermost level, it’s strictly physical. Uncountable modifications ensue, whenever any professional demonstrates yoga, with the angle of absolute self-restrain, tenacious follow, subjection trouncing lethargic attribute, resentment, misinterpretations. Human body is a composition of sophisticated however, marvalously framed mechanism. If we precisely perceive, why our body concern for heterogeneous poses, we will place our sincere endeavour for accomplishment. The endocrine system, which plays a critical role in functioning and maintenance of body system, has recently been undertook by medical sciences. These 8 sets of secretory organ, manage the major aspects of body such as growth, weight, size, metabolism energy, health. Different trimesters tend to have varied weight gain among women. On an average 12.6 kg increase in the weight has been notified, as weight gain and welfare go hand in hand during pregnancy. The 1st trimester is considered very crucial as the amount of weight fall may be from the range of 0.5 kg to 14 kg, due to nausea and loss of appetite. The process of weight gaining commenced around 12th week of pregnancy, when nausea naturally vanishes and the appetite returns. Till 20th week of gestation, weight gain is not much recognized, but from 20th to 30th week, the changes are quite visible. The higher incidence of pre-eclampsia, leads to weight gain during this peculiar period of time. The tendency of weight gain get steady during that particular week and simultaneously deprecate until the 39th week the most, of pregnancy and later it falls. • Ideal Weight Gain The increase in the body mass, is generally the summation of increase in the size of various organs, during pregnancy including breast, uterus, placenta and amniotic fluid as a major genesis. The circulation of oxygenated blood naturally increases by as much as 30% to counter the required demand of the uterus and the breast as well as the rest of the body. These factors all together comprises for approximately 8kg and a cumulative gain of 9kg in all, should be recommended all through the pregnancy. The summation of final weight gain in pregnancy itself includes the baby weight -3.2kg, the weight of placenta-0.67kg, the weight of the amniotic fluid-0.91kg, the increased weight of the uterus and breast-0.91kg and 0.67kg, and circulatory volume of blood-1.81kg, with the cumulative weight gain of 8.2kg approximately Gordon Bourne (1984). Any extra weight is due to either of fat or fluid retention. The scheme has been aimed at various trimesters and weeks on a certain scale differences, such as 0 to 14 weeks depicted nil weight fluctuation, 14 to 20week cumulative weight increase is of 2.3kg, 20 to 30week cumulative weight increase is of 4.5kg. This particular time period is considered as the most complicated period of pregnancy, with respect to restraining weight increase, that may hike due to pre-disposes to pre-eclampsia, 30 to 36week cumulative increase in a weight is of 2.3kg and during 36 to 40weeks, no increase in the weight is visible and indeed from 38th week onwards, a pregnant woman will very frequently start losing her weight Gordon Bourne (1984). It is completely false to recite that a pregnant woman must have meals for 2, in fact, she must only concentrate on adequate dietary regime and necessary supplements for wellbeing. Usually labor contractions and pains triggered around 7 to 10 days of weight declination. The major reason of weight loss at the end of pregnancy is often, due to a reduction of hormones. The newly updated guidelines and suggestions recommended by the institution of medicine regarding gestational weight gain, underlines clinicians with practice procedures. Health care practitioners, initially must determine the BMI at the very beginning of 1st trimester and individual clinical care and suggestions should be directed to a woman, whether she needs to reduce, gain or maintain the weight for the best pregnancy outcomes. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists supports the Institute of Medicine’s have provided the guidelines on appropriate weight gaining. Following are the recommendations for pregnancy [Modified from Institute of Medicine (US). Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, Dc. National Academies Press;2009]:
*Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared or as weight in pound multiplied by 703 divided by height in inches. #Calculation assume a 1.1 - 4.4 lb weight in the first trimester. According to a research analysis, a report by Obstetrics & Gynaecology (2019), in New York, presents 1.5 billion cases, where women, who have put up more than recommended weight, have come up with severe complications during delivery specially, those who gained over 9.072kgs, above recommendation, are found to have significantly high heart related risks. Vicious arguments and contradictions have been raging upon the accurate amount of weight gain. In some cases, where women reduced their weight artificially prior pregnancy have gained weight at an alarming rate, hence making them problematic to control beyond 13kgs. Conversely, in other cases women, who were already obese and overweight, successfully maintained their weight with proper dietary schedule. In an illustration, a woman weight cumulatively 115kgs during gestation. She gave birth to an absolutely normal child and approximately 4 weeks after her delivery, she reduced her weight to 108kgs. The little of her over gained weight was disseminated all over her major body parts. On the other side, one of the study performed by Clapp, III (2000) compared the randomized controlled trial of 46 women who had never performed any exercise prior pregnancy and who did. His result showcased that babies of mothers who were assigned to exercise during pregnancy, have an average 230g heavier weight than that of babies whose mothers did not exercised. |
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| Objective of study |
To assess level of weight gain by using Body Mass Index, of yoga and non-yoga groups during II and III Trimester. |
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| Review of Literature | Sun et al., (2009) evaluated the impact of prenatal yoga on weight gain, delivery associated
experiences and infant’s birth weight, among 41 women. The selected subjects
were absolutely normal with 20 weeks of gestational period and above, along
with normal pre-pregnancy BMI. The total of 41 subjects were bifurcated into 21
experimented and the others as controlled. The prenatal yoga program was
consisted of 90 minutes per day exertion, twice a week, continued for 12 weeks
on regular basis. For the evaluation point of view, non-equivalent control
group, pre-post-test design was inculcated. For final assessment, the data was
evaluated applying SPSS 16.0 version. Thus, the result revealed a significant
difference between yoga group and control group and therefore, it was concluded
that, yoga during pregnancy, effectively managed the weight gain among mothers.
Henceforth, yoga during pregnancy can be beneficial in maintaining healthy
weight, diminishing labor pain and discomfort, after delivery among pregnant
women and therefore, enhancing infant's birth weight. Babbar S. et al., (2015) surveyed 500 pregnant women, by the means of 20 MCQ and 5 other questions,
to testify the knowledge concerning pregnancy (ACOG Committee Opinion #267), on
exercising yoga, exercises and a comparative examination among women with BMI<30kg
V/S women with BMI<30kg. The total of 422 women responded in return. The
result showcased that 85% of the women felt beneficial impacts, although 83%
agreed on the concept of beginning of yoga prior to pregnancy and out of total,
64% of them are currently practicing. All amongst the 5 questions, 60-92% of
them were very much aware about ACOG recommendations and suggestions and ½ of
them had the BMI>30. In the overall result, 65% greatly believed on the
benefits of yoga, while 40% had already attempted prior pregnancy.
Pawalia et al., (2016) gathered data from google scholar, from 2008-2015, to identify the impact
of obesity on maternal and child birth conditions among Indian women. In the
study, the pregnant women were categorized according to their BMI, and
therefore, compared with prenatal, perinatal and immediate postnatal related
complications. Cumulative of 37 articles were considered which met the study
criterion. The result showed that, odd ratio of gestational diabetes, pregnancy
induced hypertension, caesarean section, preeclampsia, and prenatal death as
4.62, 3.23, 2.88, 2.69 and 3.17 respectively. Moreover, it was also revealed
that, the problems among obese women were either equal or above as compared to
western counter parts. |
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| Hypothesis | 1. There would be no significant difference between the level of BMI among yoga and non-yoga groups during II trimester. 2. There would be no significant difference between the level of BMI among yoga and non-groups during III trimesters. |
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| Analysis | Design of the Study An experimental
design would be implemented, to evaluate the effects of prenatal yogic
exercises on pregnant women explicit during 2nd and 3rd trimesters.
To serve the purpose, one group, with N=20, would be controlled and another
group, with N=20, would be subjected prenatal yogic exercises for 2nd and
3rd trimesters. The data would be measured and evaluated, using
‘t’ test statistical technique. The final result would be compared and
henceforth, can be used for the recommendation purpose for better pregnancy
outcomes. Selection of Subjects To satisfy the
purpose, 40 pregnant women were recruited with the age range between 25-35
years. Further, the total sample was equally bifurcated into 20 pregnant women,
who does have prior yoga experience, were experimented with prenatal yogic
exercises and other 20 pregnant women, were controlled. The purposive sampling technique was
applied for selection criterion. Body Mass Index- It would be
measured using Stadiometer and weighing scale for height and weight of the
subject from second and last trimester. The results will be measured using
prescribed guidelines given by Institute of Medicine, committee on nutritional
status during pregnancy and lactation (1990). BMI between Pre
(II-Trimester) & Post (III-Trimester) on yoga group.
Table-1 Table 1
displays the comparison of mean BMI within the yoga group before and after the
intervention. The table indicates that the initial mean BMI was 23.9269, which
increased to 25.5156 after the intervention. This change resulted in a t-value
of 11.162, which is highly statistically significant (p < 0.01). BMI between Pre
(II-Trimester) & Post (III-Trimester) on Non-Yoga group.
Table-2 In Table 2, the
mean BMI in the non-yoga group is compared before and after the intervention.
The initial mean BMI was recorded as 24.6879, and it showed an increase to
28.1992 after the intervention. This change resulted in t-values of 11.719,
indicating a high level of statistical significance (p < 0.01).  Table-3 Table 3
displays the initial mean BMI comparison between the yoga and non-yoga groups.
The table shows that before the intervention, the BMI scores for the yoga group
and non-yoga group were 23.9269 and 24.6879, respectively. The resulting
t-value of -0.841 was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Table 4 presents the post-intervention mean BMI comparison between the yoga and non-yoga groups. The table illustrates that after the intervention, the mean BMI scores were 25.5156 for the yoga group and 28.1992 for the non-yoga group. This yielded a t-value of -2.61, signifying a highly significant outcome (p < 0.01). Testing of Hypothese H:01 States that there would be no significant difference between the level of BMI among yoga and non-yoga groups during II trimester. At this point the hypothesis is accepted. H:02 States that there would be no significant difference between the level of BMI among yoga and non-groups during III trimesters. At this point, the hypothesis is rejected. |
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| Conclusion |
1.
The
table-1 showcased the pre & post mean comparison of BMI on yoga group. The
table depicts that the pre-test mean score of BMI were 23.9, but after
post-test, the mean score demonstrated a change of 25.5, therefore, resulting
into the t-value of 11.16, which are found to be highly significant at (p<
0.05). Thus, demonstrating an increase in the average mean values from II
trimester to III trimester. 2. In the table 2, pre
& post mean comparison of BMI on non-yoga group has been revealed. The
table depicts that the pre-test mean score of BMI were 24.7, but after
post-test, the mean score demonstrated a change of 28.2, therefore, resulting
into the t-values of 11.72, which are found to be highly significant at (p<
0.05). 3. In the table 3
exhibits the pre-mean comparison of BMI between yoga and non-yoga groups. The
table revealed that the pre-test score on BMI on yoga group and non-yoga groups
were 23.93 & 24.69, respectively, which resulted in the t-value of -0.84,
that were found to be non-significant at (p>0.05). Therefore, describing no
difference between two groups during II trimester. 4. The table 4
showcased the post mean comparison of BMI on yoga and non-yoga group. The table
depicts that the post-test mean scores of BMI, the post results on the
comparison of mean values were resulted as 25.52 and 28.2, respectively, which
showed the t-value of -2.61, depicting highly significant at (p<0.05)
outcome. The results demonstrate the difference between the results of yoga and
non-yoga groups during III trimester, hence, the effects of yoga are visible on
this variable. |
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| Suggestions for the future Study | 1. It is recommended that the concept of prenatal yoga programs should be encouraged for more awareness and better pregnancy results. 2. Prenatal yoga should be practiced on regular basis at least minimum of 30 minutes. 3. During session, proper motivational thoughts should also be inculcated for the development of positive psychological setup of pregnant woman. 4. Intensity of yogic exercises should depend upon the capacity of the pregnant women. Difficult or painful poses must be avoided. Yoga program should be designed and modified individually. 5. Proper equipment, cushions and yoga mats should be used while performing. 6. It is recommended that yoga exercises should be performed at normal room temperature. 7. It is recommended that similar study should be conducted on wider level, with various varieties of cultures, demographic differences for more universal outcomes. |
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| References | 1. American College of
Obstetrician and Gynaecologists. (2013). Weight gain during
pregnancy: Committee opinion No. 548. Obstetrician and Gynaecology, 121,
210-212. |
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