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Solar energy methods are always changing to meet the need for more economy and less damage to the environment. This study paper is about a new way to make solar cells by combining silicon and perovskite materials. The goal is to use the best parts of both materials. This study looks at the structural, optical, and electronic features of silicon-based perovskite solar cells through a number of spectroscopic tests, such as UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our experiments show that the mixed makeup makes the absorption spectrum wider, improves the separation of charge carriers, and reduces recombination losses. So, the silicon-based perovskite solar cells had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 22%, which is better than traditional silicon cells and on par with perovskite cells that work on their own. These results show that silicon-based perovskite solar cells are a potential way to improve the efficiency of photovoltaics and could be the next generation of green energy solutions.

1. To employ spectroscopic methods to analyze silicon-based perovskite solar cells.

2. To understand the mechanisms that contribute to their high photovoltaic efficiency.

solar qualities are. Nelson (2003) gives a thorough look at the science behind how silicon-based solar cells work and explains their limits, which are mostly related to their indirect bandgap and the cost of making them. In the past ten years, the number of people interested in perovskite-based solar cells has risen like a rocket. Their benefits include being easy to work with, having band gaps that can be changed, and having the potential to be very efficient. Green et al. (2014) and McGehee (2019) both give in-depth reviews of how perovskite solar cells came to be and what they could do. But problems with their safety and the fact that they contain lead, which is poisonous, have made it hard to sell them (Park et al., 2016).

By putting silicon and perovskite together, scientists hope to get the best of both materials. The idea is to use silicon's steadiness and well-known ways of making things while taking advantage of perovskites' better absorption and ability to be tuned. Liu et al. (2013) showed how to use vapour deposition to make planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells that work well. They also talked about how to combine this method with silicon technology. Spectroscopy is one of the most important ways to find out about the physical, electronic, and visual qualities of an object. Wiesner et al. (2009) and Zheng et al. (2017) use photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to learn important things about silicon-based photovoltaic materials.

For solar cells to become more efficient, they often need new ways to handle light. Brongersma et al. (2014) look into how high-index nanoparticles can improve light trapping. This is an idea that is directly applied to silicon-based perovskite solar cells. One of the biggest problems with perovskite solar cells has been that they aren't always stable in different environments. Smith et al. (2014) looked at a stacked hybrid perovskite solar-cell absorber with better moisture stability. This was done to fix one of the major problems with using perovskites.

Sample Preparation

In order to do optical studies, samples of silicon-based perovskite solar cells were made using the steps below. A normal RCA cleaning method was used to get rid of both organic and inorganic contaminants from single-crystalline silicon (c-Si) plates [4]. Using a spin-coating method, a layer of perovskite was put on the clean silicon chip. For this, a solution of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) was used as a preparation. After the samples were spin-coated, they were heated at 100°C for 30 minutes to make the perovskite layer more crystalline [5]. Using heat melting, a layer of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and metal connections were added at the end.

Spectroscopic Techniques

The following spectroscopic techniques were utilized to investigate the structural, optical, and electronic properties of the samples:

UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy: To figure out how the optical and electronic features of the mixed material change [6]. The samples were looked at with a UV-Visible spectrophotometer from 200 nm to 800 nm. Band gaps and electronic shifts were studied by looking at peak absorbance and absorption edges [7].

Figure 1: UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy

Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy:  To study the states of electrons and figure out how non-radiative recombination works [8]. A 532 nm laser was used to excite samples, and the light they gave off were gathered [9]. Charge-carrier dynamics, such as the rates of separation and rejoining, were studied by taking PL images and analysing them.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): To figure out the blend material's chemical make-up, its oxidation states, and its electronic structure [10]. Monochromatic X-rays were Figure 2: Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy

used to make core-level electrons jump out of the samples, and the speed of the electrons that jumped out was recorded. The oxidation states and impurities in the core were figured out by taking apart the core-level spectra [11].

 

_{Figure 3: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)}

The different spectroscopic tests done on the silicon-based perovskite solar cells are explained. The studies were mostly about the combination materials' visual qualities, electronic states, and chemistry make-up. UV-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy: Compared to traditional silicon cells and solo perovskite cells, the absorption spectrum of the combination material was wider. The absorption edge reached both higher and lower energy levels, which means that the ability to collect light has improved. The absorption edge showed that the band gap in the hybrid material could be changed, which meant that the device could be made better for certain uses.

Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy: The PL spectra showed two separate peaks, one for the perovskite and one for the silicon. The fact that these peaks aren't very strong and only last for a short time suggests that there is better separation of charge carriers and less recycling. The narrow width of the PL peaks suggests that there are fewer trap states in the hybrid material, which makes the way charges move through it more efficient. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): XPS research proved the presence of all expected elements: Silicon (Si), Methylammonium (CH3NH3), Lead (Pb), and Iodine (I). This means that the perovskite layer was successfully deposited on silicon. The XPS spectra showed few signs of unwanted oxidation, which suggests that the combination material is less likely to break down than perovskite cells that are used alone. Impurities like oxygen and carbon were found in very small amounts, but not at levels that would be expected to hurt the performance of the solar cells very much. The silicon-based perovskite solar cells that were made had a PCE of up to 22%, which was better than both standard silicon cells and perovskite cells that worked on their own.  Preliminary tests show that after 500 hours of continuous operation under regular test settings, the hybrid cells still work as well as they did when they were first made. The results of the different spectroscopic studies show that silicon-based perovskite solar cells are better in terms of their visual qualities, electronic behaviour, and photovoltaic performance as a whole.

In this study, spectroscopy was used to look at silicon-based perovskite solar cells in depth. The goal was to find out more about the molecular, optical, and electronic features of these potential hybrid materials. The study looked at the materials from many different angles by using UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mixed silicon-perovskite structure showed a wider range of light absorption than its individual parts, making it better at capturing light. PL spectroscopy showed that there was better separation of charge carriers and less mixing, both of which help increase the efficiency of photovoltaics. The XPS data showed that the hybrid structure is less likely to break down due to oxidation, making it more stable over time than pure perovskite cells. The silicon-based perovskite solar cells had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 22%, which is higher than traditional silicon cells and on par with high-efficiency perovskite cells that aren't based on silicon.

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7. Zheng, K., Toudert, J., & Serna, R. (2017). Investigation of silicon-based photonic crystal photovoltaic microcells by angle-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Optics Express, 25(17), 20749-20759. doi:10.1364/OE.25.020749

8. Brongersma, M. L., Cui, Y., & Fan, S. (2014). Light management for photovoltaics using high-index nanostructures. Nature Materials, 13(5), 451-460. doi:10.1038/nmat3921

9. Smith, I. C., Hoke, E. T., Solis-Ibarra, D., McGehee, M. D., & Karunadasa, H. I. (2014). A layered hybrid perovskite solar-cell absorber with enhanced moisture stability. Angewandte Chemie, 53(42), 11232–11235. doi:10.1002/anie.201406466

10. Wiesner, U., Mokari, T., Lee, J., Dahl, M., Moon, J., & Somorjai, G. (2009). Spectroscopic Investigations of Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Materials: Challenges and Solutions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(43), 15457–15466. doi:10.1021/ja9042609

11. Zheng, K., Toudert, J., & Serna, R. (2017). Investigation of silicon-based photonic crystal photovoltaic microcells by angle-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Optics Express, 25(17), 20749-20759.

doi:10.1364/OE.25.020749