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Categories-wise analysis for household were performed with the hypothesis that animal as such is not cost centre individually but the households supporting it is off course that cost centre with a perspective that the households covered under the study were able to assess as how fat their enterprise proved and employment provider to themselves as well as outsiders in case of the inception of hired labour as per the demand of the holding size. The exercise revealed that total Man Minute required per day per household in respect of all the household covered under the study surfaced activity-wise along with relative percentage were 5.36 M.M/2.23 percent for grazing, 48.60MM. /20.11 percent for bringing grass and fodder, 38.09 M.M./15.84 percent for chaffing 24.51 M.M./ 10.19 percent for feeding, 44.51 MM 18.51 percent for milking 28.78MM / 11.97 percent for watering and bathing, 34.32 MM/14.27percent for cleaning of cattle shed and 16.33MM/6.78 percent for miscellaneous activities. Thus summation of the pool was 240.50 MM for all the three season put together while season wise figures were 153.80MM., 303:17 M.M. and 264.22 MM. for the summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively. The analysis fulfills the purpose of projection of labour requirement accordingly.

The study facilitate the computation of absorbent of family labour in different activity  with the  resultant indirect return in the shape of retaining family labour cost included in computation in the connected family automatically with the  accomplishment of complete dairying for any unit.

Kumari Binita & Malhotra Ravinder (2016)- The Study concluded that average labour time used in different activities in dairy  enterprises for cooperative as well as non-cooperative per household was in hour per day as under.

M.M. equivalent on the basis of above table can be computed as 276.6MM or cooperative sector and 247.8MM for non-cooperative sector (per household per day) the results are this resembling to our study.

Singh Rishikant KH and Chauhan A.K (2014) -The Study inferred average labour for performing different daily activity per household hours per day as under. 

Mina-minute equivalent on the basis of above table is computed as 225 per cooperative sector and 188 fer Non-cooperative sectors respectively the findings are this matching with our study.

Kashish et.al (2017) operation-wise, category were Labour utilization was computed as  under through this study (Hrs/day/per household)

S.No.	Particulars	Landless	Marginal	Small	Others	Overall
1	Cutting/bringing fodder from market/field	1.93	2.49	2.01	2.61	2.17
2	Chaff cutting of fodder	0.55	0.68	0.86	0.91	0.54
3	Grazing	0.50*	0.15*	-	-	0.14
4	Feeding & giving water	0.52	0.60	0.80	0.61	0.58
5	Cleaning cattle shed	0.65	0.67	0.95	0.86	0.77
6	Milking animal	0.76	0.83	1.06	1.02	0.92
7	Handling milk	0.33	0.33	0.39	0.34	0.32
8	Marketing of milk and milk product	0.39	0.23	0.25	0.25	0.24
9	Total labour used	5.63	5.98	6.32	6.60	5.68

*Only four and one respondents took their animal for a grazing among landless (LL) and Marginal (M.F.) dairy farmers. respectively.

Source, Kashish et.al, 2016.

*M.M equivalent on the basis of above table for all categories combined is computer as 5.68x60=340.80M.M.

Category wise employment generation was also computed under this study in the shape of man-day per annum including family labour and hired  as well the result were as per the table given below.

Female hours were converted in to male equivalent by considering I made hour=0.67 female hour and children hours converted in to 0.50 male labour (Sidhu and Bhullar, 2004 and Elumalai and Pandey, 2004)

Kumar (1993) –  Ascertained the human labour utilization in various activities on dairy farm. Among different farm categories on an average highest time per household was utilized in all dairy activities by large  farm as (344.15 man-min) followed b upper medium farmers (310.79 man-min), lower medium farmers (275.61), small farmers (248.32 man-min) and landless labourers (202.62 man-min). In the context it may be noted that as the land holding size increased, the total time spent on all dairy activities was also increases. In others words labour employment increases It was also observed that maximum time was devoted on bringing fodder.

For the purpose of study data from 240 milk producing households Moradabad district of western U.P. was collected through door to door survey and all the tehsils and blocks. were covered under the exercise by selecting villages from all the earmarks units.

The duration of survey  was in three rounds covering the periods of March to June (Summer season), July to October (Rainy season) and November to February (Winter season). Obtaing data Standard Adults Units (S.A.Us) in respect of herd reported household-wise were formed as under just to render the data comparable.

Buffalo in milk = 1 unit

Buffalo dry =0.4 unit

Local cow in milk = 0.7 unit

Local cow dry = 0.3 unit

Crossbred cow in milk = 1.4 unit

Crossbred Cow dry = 1.0 unit

Heifer = 0.5 unit

Young stock = 0.2 unit

 (Male & Female)

Draught dairy animal = 0.5 Unit

The weight assigned for the conversion of female labour and child labour into main equivalent were as under.

2 Males = 3 Females

1 Male = 1.5 Female

I male = 2 children

categories amongst households were formed on the basis of their holding an per the table being given here under

Component-wise, category-wise, season-wise and for the pool of was households as a whole time and motion analysis was as under.

1. Cattle Grazing - This activity perform by the households of Landless Laboure producers category basically. Marginal farmers are also resorts to Cattle grazing during the rainy season only. Rest of the categories never feed the herd through grazing The total time consumed for this activity 16.36. MM per household per -day for the first category and the relative percentage was 7.02 percent Seasonal impact to 12.47MM/6.98%, 18.96MM/7:05%, 17.66MM/7.02%, respectively for summer, rainy & winter seasons. This signifies that maximum figures are for the rainy season followed by winter, and then summer. The reason behind is very simple as their is abundantness green grass all around during the rainy season.

2. Bringing grass & fodder - This activity came out to consume 48.60 MM per day per household for the pool with relative percentage of 20.21%. Season wise figures were 19.76MM/12.85%, 62.47MM/20.61% and 63.56 MM with 24.06%, for Summer, Rainy and Winter seasons respectively. Category wise  corresponding  figure for all the season, put together were 57.84MM/24.81%, 53.60MM/ 22.11%, 41.88MM/18.79%, 38.22MM/16.90% and 38.66MM/14.22.% for all the five categories. This total time required for this activity was found to decrease with the advancement of Category.

3. Chaffing - This activity had been assessed to consume 38.09MM per household per day with the relative percentage share of 15.84, Seasonal differences observed were tremendous  as season-wise figures were 17.73MM/11.53% 49.96MM16.48%,46.56/17.62% for the summer, rainy and winter season respectively. The cause behind the major difference was that since chaffing as such is required in respect of grass and fodders only that are brought to be fed. Corresponding figures for different category along with relative percentage for the activity were 27.64MM/11.86%, 38.14mm/15.74%, 37.15MM/16.67%, 39.36MM/17.40% and 53.16MM/19.70% respectively for all the five Categories. Thus baring the category & marginal farmer  this activity shows a rising trend due to the composition of diet bearing enhanced quantity of green fodder with the advancement of category.

4. Feeding- Time recorded for this activity was 24.51 MM per household per day with relative percentage of 10.19MM for the pool. Figures for different season for the pool were 11.18MM/7.27%, 33.21MM/10.95% and 29.16MM/11.04% for summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively. This tremendous difference in respect of summer season as compared to other seasons is attributed to the non availability of green fodder during summer so time required for mixing processing etc. is spared. Category wise  averages fer all the seasons put together and their relative percentage were 16.15MM/6.93%, 22.19MM/9.16% 25.32MM/11.36%, 29.13MM/12.88% and 39.27 MM/14.55% for the households of all the five categories respectively. Inter category comparison signifies that time required to perform this activity shows a rising trend with the holding size simply because of better composition of diet.

5. Milking- Time observed for carrying out this activity was 44.51 MM with relative percentage of 18.51% for the pool. Season wise figure were 32.73MM/21.28% 50.22MM/16.56M and 50.59MM/19.14%, for the summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively. Difference thus observed was due to yield only, Category-wise.

6. Corresponding figures for all these three session combined were 29.88MM/12.82%, 41.33MM/17.05%, 43.82MM/19.67% 54.50MM/24.10% and 67.46MM/25.0%, per household for all the five categories respectively. Category wise escalation clearly signifies that bigger the herd size better the composition of species and higher percentage of wet animals better yield etc. all clubbed were responsible for the same.

7. Water & bathing - Time observed for performing these activities was 28.78MM Comprising  11.97 relative percentage for the pool season wise corresponding figure were 21.32MM/13.36%, 37.41MM/12.34% and 27.63MM/10.46% for the Summer, Rainy and Winter season respectively. Category wise  one combined figurer for different seasons were 22.85MM/9.80%, 27.67 MM/11.42%., 29.82MM/13.04%, 30.25MM/13.38% and 39.88MM/14.78% for different categories. Thus Category trend for  this activity was positive with the size of the holding.

8. Cleaning of cattle shed - This activity was observed to consume 34.32 MM with relative percentage of 14.27%, fer the pool Season wise figure 28.86MM/18.76%., 43.77MM/14.44%, and 30.33MM/ 11.48%, per household for the summer, rainy and winter season  respectively. Figures for all the three season combined were 42.67MM/ 18.30%,38.87MM/16.04% 28.18MM/12.93% 25.29MM/11.18%, and 23.53MM 8.72%, per household per day for all the five categories. The trend, observed for the categories signifies decrease with the size of holding and this is due to the fact that bigger the size of holdings the more the automation adopted.

9. Miscellaneous operations - Activity under the ambit of this head were observed to Consume 16.33MM per household per day with relative percentage of 6.78. Season wise figure  were 9.75MM/ 6.34%, 22.85MM/7.54% and 16.39MM/6.20% for all the three season Session wise difference is attributed to the fact that vaccination insemination are generally required to be performed during rainy and winter seasons. category-wise  corresponding figures were 19.71MM/8.46%, 19.08MM/7.87% 16.81MM/7.54%, 9.41MM/4.16% and 8.17MM/3.03%, per household per day for all the five categories.. Category wise trend observed was negative against the holding size Season wise trend with in the category replicates the trend as analysed for the pool.

Over all total different categories for all this seasons put together was observed as  233.10MM, 242.36MM, 222.86MM, 226.16MM and 269.83MM for all the five different categories. In respect of the activity the grazing it was concluded  that only  landless labourers and partially  marginal farmers are dependent upon this activity as far as bringing  of grass and fodder  and chaffing activity is  concerned it was concluded that time consumed shows declining trend with size of holding as bigger the holding higher are the bulk purchase and seasonal variation were observed due to non-availability of green fodder and grass during the summer season. Regarding feeding activity it was concluded that this activity consumed the least MM during summer season due to savings in mixing time as there is non - availability of green fodder. If we go for category-wise conclusion this activity has shown rising trend due to better composition with the advancement of categories of holding.  Rising trend was observed for the milking activity during rainy and winter season due to yield and inter category anylysis the trend was confirmed, keeping in view the bigger the  herd, the more wet animals. Positive trend was observed  in the activity of watering  and bathing with the size of holding. Cleaning of cattle shed  activity has shown a decaling trend with the size of holding as far as seasonal variation are concerned act takes the maximum time during rainy season as all the animals are put in closet during the season. Miscellaneous activity namely vaccination, insemination etc. were observed to consume lesser time with the advancement of holding or herd due to availing. bulk activity  advantage.

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