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Cultural Feminism: A Sociological Perspective |
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Paper Id :
19000 Submission Date :
03/06/2024 Acceptance Date :
10/06/2024 Publication Date :
17/06/2024
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.12507666 For verification of this paper, please visit on
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Abstract |
Purpose/Objective- Cultural
feminism is a branch of feminism that emphasizes the revaluation and
celebration of attributes culturally associated with femaleness. Cultural feminism deals with feminism
which emphasizes essential differences between men and women that are based on
biological differences in reproductive capacity. Thus, it attributes to those
differences that are distinctive and superior in women. This paper also
explored cultural feminism as an understanding of women's social locations in
society by concentrating on gender differences between women and men.
Design/methodology-
The present study employed descriptive research to identify
characteristics, trends and categories related to the cultural feminism. It studies
the unique intersectionality of ethnicities and culture with feminism. |
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Keywords | Feminism, Culture, Gender, Gender Differences, Essentialism, Separatism, Heteronormativity, Patriarchy. | ||||||
Introduction | Cultural feminism is a branch of feminism that emphasizes
the revaluation and celebration of attributes culturally associated with femaleness. Cultural feminism deals
with feminism which emphasizes essential differences between men and women that
are based on biological differences in reproductive capacity. Thus, it
attributes to those differences that are distinctive and superior in women.
It is a political and
philosophical movement that started in 1960s and 1970s as a branch of feminism.
Cultural feminism focusses on the importance of celebrating women’s differences
and recognizing the unique contributions that women make to society and
culture. Gender differences are viewed as positive and valuable by cultural
feminists, and they argue that these differences should be celebrated rather
than erased or minimized. This strand of feminism emphasizes the importance of
valuing women’s traditional roles as caregivers and nurturers. |
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Objective of study | This paper explored cultural feminism as an understanding of women's social locations in society by concentrating on gender differences between women and men. | ||||||
Review of Literature | Origin of cultural feminism Cultural feminism stemmed from the radical feminism of the 1970s, however, the concept of cultural feminism started to take shape in 1843. The term "cultural feminism" was first used in1975 by Brooke Williams of Redstockings.He used it to denounce it and distinguish it from its roots in radical feminism. Other feminists condemn the term cultural feminism as he thought this term was against feminist central ideas. Alice Echols describes this as the “depoliticization” of radical feminism. The work of Mary Daly, especially her Gyn/Ecology (1979), has been identified as a movement from radical feminism into cultural feminism. In her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century, journalist, editor, and women's rights advocate Margaret Fuller initially raised the idea of how men could “inherit the earth” simply if they elevated themselves as emotional beings. Later, activist Jane Addams and novelist Charlotte Perkins Gilman also discussed the idea of women’s inherent gentleness as a necessary attribute for cooperation and nonviolence in government leadership. |
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Main Text | Cultural feminism vs. Radical feminism It is believed that radical feminism came from cultural
feminism but the two viewpoints differ. Radical feminists explains that male
experience is important in running the world and gender roles could not shift
because they were so far ingrained in women by the society. Only by overhauling
the societal system, they argued, could they ever achieve true progress. Radical
feminism is believed in uprooting the ideas of gender differences, whereas cultural
feminists emphasizes on the differences and celebrate them. Cultural Feminist Theory Officially appearing as a movement in the 1970s, this
theory mainly focused on how women can and should use gender roles to their
advantage. The term “cultural feminism” was first used by Mary Daly in “Gyn/Ecology:
The Metaethics of Radical Feminism” as a way to refer the female energy a women
possess. Women have a certain ethic of care, where they are more likely to
cooperate and keep the peace, which, in turn, would make for a better world.
Cultural feminist theory borrowsthe idea of female-centred culture and
connectedness from lesbian feminism. One of the main aims of cultural feminism is the idea
that women’s experiences and perspectives are distinct from those of men, and
that they are shaped by a distinct set of cultural and social factors. Cultural
feminists emphasize that cultural production and representation is importantin
achieving gender equality. It also plays a powerful role in shaping
understanding of gender roles and expectations and is essential in creating a
cultural landscape that reflects the experiences and perspectives of women. Cultural feminists are aimed at promoting gender equality
and highlighting women’s unique contributions to society. Doing so may include making
policies that support women’s access to education and imparting equal
representation of women in cultural and political institutions. Cultural
feminists also focus on issues related to language and representation. They argue
that language can be used both to perpetuate gender inequality or to challenge
it. Cultural feminists emphasize on using language that is inclusive and
respectful of women’s experiences and perspectives. Cultural feminism is more concerned with examining how
the devaluation or belittling of these traditionally female roles contributes
to gender inequality.Apart from redefining these traditional roles, cultural
feminists also workson the following: 1.
Giving value to childcare as work ‘and
providing salaries so that there is an incentive to remain in the home. 2.
Respecting traditionally “female” attributes
such as nurturing, in order to rebalance a culture that overvalues
"male" values of aggression and undervalues “female” values of
kindness and gentleness. 3.
The creation of rape crisis centres and
shelters for women. 4.
An understanding of female sexuality that
rejects hierarchies of power. 5.
Equal valuing of "female" occupations including parenting. 6.
Emphasis on the shared values of women from white, African American, and
other cultures, more than on the differences of women in different groups. 7.
A female sexuality that is based on an equality of power, based on
mutuality rather than control, based on nonpolarized roles, and refuses to
recreate sexual hierarchies Fourkey ideas in cultural feminism: The key notion of cultural feminism is that it expressly
encourages the feminist perspective in terms of a woman’s perceived traits.
Some key components of feminism include: 1. Essentialism: This feminism
movement emphasizes essentialist ideologies—that men and women are not actually
equal, but the differences between them are what make them unique. A woman’s
nature makes her special, and ultimately, the male’s oppression of women
further suppresses their natural talents and abilities. 2. Separatism: Women need spaces
that are wholly their own, where they can fully thrive in their own creative,
safe environments free from male participation and involvement. Women’s
Liberation Movement group member Brooke Williams initially used the term
“cultural feminism” in 1975 as a way to describe the depoliticization of
radical feminism and distinguish the two ideologies, believing that an
alternate female culture defeated the purpose of feminism. 3. That female nature defines their culture: Cultural
feminism believes that women’s culture may originate from either biology or
society. For instance, women getslabelledas more gentle and pacifist in nature,
meaning they would make better leaders. Or women have a closer connection with
the Earth and are, therefore, parallel with nature, making them better at
making environmental-based decisions or considering the future of humankind. 4. Weakness as a strength:The goal of
cultural feminism is to reinterpret prevailing ideas about what constitutes
strength. Criticism: While the heart of cultural feminism is to help and
encourage women to excel as they are, there are a few criticisms of this
feminist movement. Some critiques and responses to cultural feminism include: 1.
It amplifies heteronormativity: Cultural
feminism works within heteronormativity and ignores certain branches of
feminist thought.It cooperates with the negative aspects of capitalism. Marxist
and socialist feminism believes that the capitalist system benefits patriarchal
hierarchies and expressly encourages the oppression and subordination of women.
In contrast, cultural feminists believe engaging in female-led capitalist
systems will eventually help level the playing field. 2.
It creates a new hierarchical society. By
revaluing the role and presence of women as more beneficial than men’s more
“primitive nature,” cultural feminism essentially attempts to install women as
the dominant creatures of society rather than attempting to achieve true
equality. 3.
It doubles down on sexism and stereotypes. Cultural
feminist activism revolves around the idea that women must redefine and revalue
the negative traits that patriarchal systems have bestowed upon them. Women are
“nurturers,” and it is that trait they must use to enact progress. 4.
It focuses on separatism. As some
cultural feminists in the 1960s lost hope of real social change, the idea
emerged for an alternative culture—more female-only spaces where women could
exist and lead without any male influence. However, this social construction
ignores structural patriarchy as a whole, instead putting physical separation
between women and men rather than addressing the root issue of women’s rights
and their place in society.
5.
It neglects race. Cultural feminism
does not consider varied cultural differences or experiences of women of color
or in other countries. Cultural feminism centralizes the plight of the
upper-class white women’s experience rather than being truly inclusive of
different ethnicities and status. |
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Conclusion |
Cultural feminism is a crucial aspect of feminist
philosophy that stresses the need to appreciate and value the distinct
qualities and strengths that women bring to the table, thereby enriching our
social and cultural landscape.By valuing women’s experiences and perspectives,
and by promoting equal representation in cultural and political institutions,
cultural feminism offers a powerful framework for creating a more inclusive and
equitable society.What women share, in this perspective, provides a basis for
"sisterhood," or unity, solidarity and shared identity. Thus,
cultural feminism also encourages building a shared women's culture. Cultural
feminists also tend to value qualities identified with women as superior or and
preferable to qualities identified with men, whether the qualities are products
of nature or culture. |
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