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Major Chemical Consituents of Essential Oil of Ocimum sanctum |
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| Paper Id :
19273 Submission Date :
2024-09-15 Acceptance Date :
2024-09-23 Publication Date :
2024-09-25
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.13989589 For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract |
The consituents of essential oil isolated by hydro distilliation of leaf
parts of Ocimum sanctum from
Bharatpur , Rajasthan was examined by Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy.
43 compounds accounting for 99.9% of oil were identified in leaf oil. The constituents
are Isoeugenol (43.28%), Beta-caryophyllene (35.61%), Gemacrene D (3.51%),
Alpha- humulene (2.09%). Most of the identified compounds are biologically
important. Plant has various properties such as antistress, antiseptic,
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic,
hypotensive, cardioprotective and antioxidant. |
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| Keywords | Ocimum Sanctum; Lamiaceae; Tulsi; Gas Chromatography; Mass Spectroscopy; Isoeugenol. | ||||||
| Introduction | There are approximately 35,000 medicinal plants which are used for the
therapeutic effect according to Ayurveda and siddha and unani and other
traditional system. In which Ocimum sanctum is one of the most important of
plant for medicinal purpose. It is employed in the treatment of various disease
such as antimicrobial infection, antifungal, anticancer, arthritis, chronic
fever, antifertility, eye disease, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, and
analgesic, antiemetic. Cardio protective.[1] This medicinal herb
have also been shown to reduce blood glucose levels, making it an effective
treatment of diabetes.[2] |
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| Objective of study |
The objective of this paper is to study the major chemical consituents of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum. |
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| Review of Literature | Holy Basil (tulsi in Sanskrit)
is an aromatic herb from the Lamiaceae family that has been used in Ayurvedic
medicine for over 3000 years. It is native to the Indian subcontinent.[3] Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.), known as the “queen of herbs”, is a plant
that grows in portions of North and Eastern Africa, China, Hainan Island, and
Taiwan.[4] The tulsi plant is a bushy
shrub or small tree native to the tropics and subtropics. It smells and tastes
completely different from anything else. It reaches a mature height of three to
five feet. When making Ayurvedic remedies, there are numerous preparations of
Ocimum leaves, including Mahajvarankusa Rasa, Pancamrt Rasa, and Manasamitra
Vataka. Ocimum is used in cold distillation, vegetable or pulse soup,
refreshing beverages, Ghrit (medicinal ghee), medicinal powders, medicinal oil,
Sheeta jwarantak vati (anti-malaria pills), and tulsi tea.[5,6] The
chemical composition of the O. sanctum,
essential oil might vary depending upon the origins, environmental conditions,
and types of cultivars.[7,8] The antioxidant and other biological
properties of the O. sanctum
essential oils and extracts have been of great interest in both the academia
and food industries because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.
Even though few reports on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the O. sanctum essential oil and extracts
are available separately.[9] Physiological benefits
of tulsi can be attributed to its ability to assist with the body's internal
housekeeping and protection of the body from toxin-induced damage. These
functions are often attributed to tulsi's high content of phenolic compounds
and anti-oxidant properties, with Krishna tulsi (black/purple variety) having a
higher phenolic content and anti-oxidant capacity than white Vana (wild) tulsi.[10] |
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| Methodology | Plant material- Fresh leaves of O. Sanctum were collected from Botanical Garden of Department of Botany, M.S.J. PG. College Bharatpur, Rajasthan. Extraction and Preparation of Oil- Extraction of oil was carried out by standard Hydro- distillation method Clevenger’s apparatus and all operations were carried out at room temperature. The crushed leaves and floral part was placed in a separate flask, together with distilled water (1 L). After 5-6 hours, oil was collected from the apparatus, anhydrous with sodium sulphate from removal of water traces, then this 100% pure essential oil were dispended into dark bottle and stored at 4°C until used. Gas chromatography-Quantitative analysis of the essential oil of O. sanctum was carried out using a Shimadzu GC- 2010. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas at 10 psi inlet pressure with FID and Omega SPTm column (30.0 m x 0.25 mm ID, film thickness 0.25 um). Injector and detector temperatures were 270°C and 280°C respectively. Column temperature programmed from 80°C (2 mins hold), 80°C to 180°C at 4°C/min and 180°C to 230°C at 6°C/min withhold time of 6 min and 19 min. respectively. The flow rate of carrier gas was 1.21 ml/min and split ratio was 1:80. The data were processed on GC solutions software for oil composition. GC-MS Analyses-GC-MS data was obtained on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP-2010 plus system using Omega SPTm column (30.0 m x 0.25 mm ID. film thickness 0.25 um). Helium was used as carrier gas. Injector, Mass detector and Ion source temperatures were 270°C, 280°C and 250°C respectively. Column temperature programmed from 80°C (2 mins hold), 80°C to 180°C at 4°C/min and 180°C to 230°C at 6°C/min withhold time of 6 min and 19 min. respectively. The flow rate of carrier gas was 1.21 ml/min and split ratio was 1:80. EI source and mass range were 70 eV and 40-850 amu respectively. Compounds were identified by using Willey, NIST and Perfumery libraries. |
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| Result and Discussion |
The color and smell of oil is light yellow and intense scent respectively. The essential oil yield from the dried leaves has been reported from 0.07% to 0.7% by Valtcho et al., 2008.[11] The leaf of O. sanctum contains 0.7% volatile oil
comprising about 71% eugenol and 20% methyl eugenol. The compounds present in
the hydroalcolic extracts of Ocimum
sanctum were identified by GC-MS analysis. The active principles with their
retention time (RT), molecular weight (MW) and concentration (%) are presented
in Table. 43 compounds were identified in hydroalcoholic extract by GC-MS. The
major components present in leaves of Ocimum
sanctum were Eugenol (43.28%), Caryophyllene (35.61), Germacrene D (3.51%),
alpha-humulene (2.09%), trans beta ocimene (2.09%) (Table).   Ocimum sanctum has various properties such
as antistress, antiseptic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, cardioprotective and antioxidant [12]
Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4- allylbenzene), the active constituents present
in O. sanctum have been found to be
largely responsible for the therapeutic potentials.[13] The study
reveals that various secondary metabolites such as carbohydrate, tannin, flavonoids,
saponins, glycoside, terpenoid, fatty acids and phenol are present in tulsi
leaf extract. Leaves of Ocimum sanctum
contain water-soluble phenolic compounds and various other constituents, such
as eugenol, methyl eugenol and caryophylllene that may act as an
immunostimulant. Saponins act as anti-hyperlipedemic, hypotensive and cardio-
depessive properties.[14] The phytochemical constituents such as
alkaloids, steroids, flavanoids, tannins, phenols and several other aromatic
compounds of plants serve a defense mechanism against predation by many
microorganisms, insects and other herbivore[15] Glycosides can act
as cardio-stimulants in cases of cardiac failure.[16] Tannins have
anti diarrheal and haemostasis properties.[17] Flavanoids are
responsible for antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties. Alkaloids,
glycosides, flavanoids and saponins are antibiotic principles of plants and
these antibiotic principles are actually the defensive mechanisms of the plants
against pathogens.[18] Eugenol is reported to possess Antimycotic[19]
Antiviral[20] Desinsection[21] Antiparasitic[22]
Antioxidant[35] Anticancer[24] and Anthelmintic
activities.[25] |
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| Conclusion |
The constituents of essential oil isolated by hydro distillation of leaf
parts of Ocimum sanctum was examined
by Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy. 43 compounds accounting for 99.9%
of oil were identified in leaf oil. The constituents are Isoeugenol (43.28%),
Beta-caryophyllene (35.61%), Gemacrene-D (3.51%) , Alpha- humulene (2.09%)..
The antioxidant and other biological properties of the O. sanctum essential
oils and extracts have been of great interest in both the academia and food
industries because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Most of
the identified compounds are biologically important and great use in medicinal
purpose. |
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| References |
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