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Morphological And
Taxonomical Status Of Heliconema Mastacembeli Sp.Nov. From A Fresh Water
Fish Mastacembelus Armatus(Lacepede) With A Key To The Genus |
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| Paper Id :
19303 Submission Date :
2024-10-08 Acceptance Date :
2024-10-19 Publication Date :
2024-10-24
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.14185233 For verification of this paper, please visit on
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| Abstract |
In the systematic perspective , the field of parasitology has been shaped during the 20th century to focus on diverse assemblage of taxa. Morphological study , the underpinning of taxonomy and systematics is now replaced by other new studies but in author’s view morphological homologies can be best established by the careful and accurate examination of cuticular , surface structures and other anatomical structures rather than diverting studies towards utilising wide array of other technique available. A new nematode fish parasite Heliconema mastacembeli sp. nov. belonging to the family Physaloperidae have been collected from the body cavity of fresh water fish Mastacembelus armatus(Lacepede) in district Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. This new species differs from its congeners in having 12 rows of tessellated longitudinal cuticular ridges in the posterior quarter of body , eight pairs of caudal papillae, the preequatorial vulva without elevated lips and in having the spicule length ratio 1:2.7. An identification key to the species of Heliconema Travassos, 1919 is given. |
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| Keywords | Fish Parasite, Nematode, Mastacembelus Armatus, Physalopteridae, Uttar Pradesh. | ||||||
| Introduction | Description of parasite: Body elongated, filiform, cuticle striated, striations 0.02-0.04 apart from each other in males and 0.03-0.06 in females. Mouth dorsoventrally elongate with two lateral lips each bearing amphids and two submedian papillae. Inner surface surrounded by a cephalic collarette which extends posteriorly on lateral alae. Inner surface of each lip bearing a conical tooth. Oesophagus long, divided into two parts, anterior muscular and posterior glandular, joining intestine through muscular and sclerotized valve. Excretory pore near junction of muscular and glandular portions of oesophagus.
Male: Body 15.88-24.16 long, 0.33-0.44 wide near middle part of body. Collarette 0.18-0.21 in diameter. Cervical papillae 0.20-0.26 from anterior end. Muscular oesophagus 0.40-0.53 in length, 0.07-0.09 in width. Glandular oesophagus 2.17-3.37 long. 0.12-0.16 wide. Entire oesophagus 2.57-3.90 long. Oesophageal intestinal valve 0.06-0.07 long. Nerve ring at 0.21-0.32 and excretory pore 0.37-0.45 from anterior end. Spicule dissimilar and unequal. Left spicule longer, 0.49-0.62 in length having tubular shaft tapering to a fine point distally. Right spicule relatively short 0.18-0.22 long, arcuate thicker than left spicule with proximal end capitate, spicule length ratio 1:2.7. Gubernaculunm absent. Caudal alae approximately three times to length of tail containing eight pairs of pedunculated papillae. Prenal papillae 4 pairs arranged in two groups of 2 pairs each, postanal papillae 4 pairs arranged in three groups 1,2,1 pairs. Tail coiled ventrally, 0.27-0.35 in length. Ventral cuticle forming twelve rows of tessellated longitudinal cuticular ridges in posterior quarter of body. Female: Body 20. 16-35.25 long, 0.50-0.62 wide near the junction of oesophagus and intestine. Cuticle striated transversely. Entire oesophagus 2.57-3.79 long (muscular 0.39-0.42 in length ,0.07-0.12 in width and glandular 2.17-3.37 in length, 0.09-0.17 in width). Oesophageal intestinal valve 0.07-0.08 long. Nerve ring at 0.28-0.41 and excretory pore at 0.46-0.58 from anterior end. Vulva pre-equatorial 9.19-15.18 from anterior end with indistinct vulvular covers. Tail 0.15-0.29 long with bluntly rounded tip.
Host - Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) Location- Body cavity Locality - Lucknow Prevalence- 15 male and 25 female specimens from 22 hosts out of 120 examined. |
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| Objective of study | The present study aims
to disclose the number of species evolved during the different environmental
changes and thus strengthening the biodiversity of life. This is the ground
level study aiming to finding out different pseudocoelomates affecting the life
of fishes and finally affecting the life of life of human population, reducing
the nutrients. The present study is also useful in revealing the infestation of
parasite in a particular fish. |
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| Review of Literature | Travassos (1919) erected the genus Heliconema with Heliconema heliconema as its type species from a mammal Echidna catenata from Trinidad, West Indies. Ogden (1969) reviewed and recognized five species viz. Heliconema heliconema Travassos (1919), Heliconema longissima Ortlepp (1923), Heliconema brevispiculum Baylis (1934), H. ahiri Karve (1941) and Heliconema baylisi Ogden (1969). Bilquees and Khanum (1970) described Heliconema hamilonii from Mugil hamiltonii from Pakistan. Fusco and Palmieri (1980) described another species Heliconema serpens from a snake and indicated that Heliconema hamiltonii described by Bilquees and Khanum (1970) was a species inquirenda because the description was based only on female specimens which did not agree with the emended generic description given by the Ogden (1969). The author is in agreement with Fusco and Palmieri. Fabio (1982) pointed out another species Heliconema izecksohni from carvinorous characoid fish Hoplias malabaricus from Brazil. Threlfall and Carvajal (1984) added Heliconema psammobatidus from a Chilean skate, Psammobatis lima 125 Physalopterndae from Chile. Gupta and Duggal (1989) added Heliconema kherai from Mastacembelus armatus from Ropar (Punjab). Damin and Heqing (2001) added Heliconema minnanensis collected from chondrichthys fish another species Chiloscyllium plagiosum from Taiwan strait, Fujan, China, Liang etal.(2013) recovered Heliconema hainanensis from Uroconger lepturus South China sea. Another new species added by Moravec et.al (2019) Heliconema monopteri from Osteichthyes fish Monopterus cuchia. It has not been researched back in 2023-24 so no review of literature is available. Researcher has given all the latest reviews which she has found during her research. |
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| Hypothesis | Morphological study of parasite Heliconema mastacembeli n.sp. can help in finding out the specificity of parasite. For instance parasite that attach to host of a certain size might not be able to attach to host that are larger or smaller. Parasite can deplete the nutrient reserve of their host through metabolic competition and more of that it can also change the physiology, behaviour and morphology of their host. | ||||||
| Methodology | Fish Mastacembelus armatus were obtained
from local fish market of Lucknow. They were dissected and parasites were
collected from body cavity. Out of 120 examined 15 males and 25 females were
recovered. The nematodes obtained were washed in physiological saline and then fixed
in hot 70% ethanol. For light microscope the nematodes were cleared using
glycerine. Drawings were made wiyh the aid of Zeiss drawing attachment.
Specimens used for scanning electron microscopywere postfixed in 1% osmium
tetroxide, dehydrated through a graded acetone series, critical point dried and
sputter coated with gold; they were examined using a JEOL JSM -7401 F scanning
electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 4 kV (GB low mode). All
measurements are in micrometers unless otherwise indicated. |
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| Result and Discussion |
The present species differ from Heliconema minnanensis Damin and Heging, 2001 in the presence of tessellated longitudinal cuticular ridges in the posterior quarter of body instead of its complete absence. The present species further differs from H. heliconema, H. brooksi, H. brevispiculum, H. serpens, H.psammobatidus and H. kherai in having 12 rows of tessellated longitudinal cuticular ridges in the posterior quarter of body instead of 40 or more rows in H.brooksi, 20 in H. heliconema and H. brevispiculum, 15-17 in H. kherai, 14 in H. psammobatidus and 8-9 tessellated ridges in H. serpens. The present species resembles closely to H. longissima, H.baylisi, H.izecksohni and H. ahiri in having 12 rows of tessellated longitudinal ridges but differs from all of these in having eight pairs of caudal papillae instead of nine pairs in H. longissima and H. baylisi, seven pairs in H. izecksohni and eleven pairs in H. ahiri. The present species further differs from H. baylisi, H. izecksohri and H. ahiri in having the spicule length ratio 1:2.7 instead of 1:1.5, 1:3.7, 1:1.3 respectively. These differences are sufficient to create a new species with the specific name Heliconema mastacembeli sp.nov. This name has been given after its host Key to species of the genus Heliconema Travassos, 1919. 1. Males with 14 or more longitudinal ridges in posterior quarter of body; females with prominent vulvular covers. -- 2 Males with less than 14 tessellated longitudinal ridges; females with indistinct vulvular covers.-- 5 2.Males with 18 or more longitudinal ridges. -- 3 Males with 14 tessellated longitudinal ridges; spicule ratio (right: left) averaging 1:4.2. Heliconema psammobatidus Threlfall and Carvajal, 1984 3.Males with 20 longitudinal ridges. –4 Males with 40 or more tessellated longitudinal ridges; spicule ratio (right left) averaging 1:10.6 H. brooksi Crites and Overstreet, 1991 4. Spicule ratio averaging 1:12.7 (and possibly 1:20), caudal papillae 10 pairs, tessellated longitudinal ridges present. H. heliconema Travassos, 1919 Spicule ratio averaging 1:2.4, caudal papillac 10 pairs; longitudinal ridges non tessellated. H. brevispiculum Baylis, 1934 5. Males with 12 tessellated longitudinal ridges; caudal papillae 7, 8, 9 5. or 11 pairs; spicule ratio averaging 1:1.5, 1:2.7 or 1:3.7 - 6 Males with 8-9 tessellated longitudinal ridges; caudal papillae 8 pairs; spicule ratio averaging 1:1.7 H. serpens Fusco and Palmieri, 1980 6. Caudal papillae 7 or 11 pairs; spicule ratio :1.3 or 1:3.7 --7 Caudal papillae 8 or 9 pairs; spicule ratio averaging 1:2.7 or 1:1.5 --8 7. Caudal papillae 7 pairs; spicule ratio averaging 1:3.7 H. izecksohni Fabio, 1982 Caudal papillae 11 pairs, spicule ratio averaging 1:1.3 H. ahiri Karve, 1941 8. Caudal papillae 8 pairs; spicule ratio 1:2.7 H.mastacembeli sp.nov. 9. Spicule ratio 1:2.7 H.longissima Ortlepp. 1923 Spicule ratio 1:1.5 H. baylisi Ogden, 1965
PLATE-22 Fig. 1-6 Heliconenma mastacembeli sp.nov. 1. Anterior end of body. Lateral view 2. Posterior end of male. Lateral view 3. Posterior end of female. Lateral view 4. Vulvar region. Lateral view 5. Eggs.
PLATE-23 Fig. 1-2 Heliconema mastacembeli sp.nov. 1. SEM of anterior end showing teeth. 2. SEM of posterior end of male showing longitudinal cuticular ridges.
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| Conclusion |
The present sp. Heliconema mastacembeli new to the
Science adding one of the new taxonomical species thus strengthening
biodiversity. Key to the species given will be helpful to further researchers
to identify another new species as there is always a probability of evolution
of new one as small changes when accumulate in environment give rise to number
of new animals which are biodiversified adding to much our animal life. |
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| References |
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