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Socio-Economic
Implications of A Vulnerable River “A Case Study of River Dravyavati” |
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| Paper Id :
19357 Submission Date :
2024-08-02 Acceptance Date :
2024-08-21 Publication Date :
2024-08-25
This is an open-access research paper/article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.14046593 For verification of this paper, please visit on
http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/researchtimes.php#8
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| Abstract |
The concept of
vulnerability is the inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a disaster
has occurred. Assessing water resources vulnerability is the foundation of
local water resources management. The
research paper attempts to assess the socio-economic implications arising out
of vulnerability of Dravyavati River. The Amanishah Nallah, that used to be
known as River Dravyavati since antiquity was the lifeline of Jaipur city. Settlements gradually developed along the banks of
the river as it has connected many important areas of the city. Ample supply of
water for irrigation was also an added advantage The River once flowing
profoundly being frontier now have become a backyard waste dumping zone of
those areas making the canal water polluted with foul smell. The unplanned haphazard discharge of untreated
household and industrial waste highly polluted the River over the years with diminishing length .In recent times it has turned to a
narrow, degraded, congested nullah. The water quality of the river is very poor
to maintain a sound river-ecosystem. Moreover various socio economic and
anthropogenic factors work as vital role behind the degradation of water
channels to contemporary scenario. The main objective of the study is to reveal probe into the present conditions and to highlight the impact of human interference on the river. The paper aims to summarize physical and human aspects that have
catalyzed in degradation of the voluminous river. The task incorporates
collating the
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| Keywords | Vulnerability, Ecosystem, Lifeline, Haphazard, Nallah. | ||||||
| Introduction | The problem of water pollution has proved to be havoc in the Amanishah
Nallah environ. It is becoming worse, especially in the last few decades, but
seems to be inadequately reported. The city of Jaipur has experienced
unprecedented Nallah being silted repeatedly. Besides the silt from eroded/
degraded hills, the Nallah also receives municipal waste, sewage, garbage and
untreated industrial effluents from Vishva Karma growth of population and
industrialisation beyond optimal limit. Amanishah Nallah passes through densely
populated part of Jaipur region. Surface run-off from severely degraded Amer
reserve forest and intense gully erosion of areas in upper catchment of
Amanishah Industrial (VKI) area; Jhotwara Industrial area, Baisgodam Industrial
area, Sanganer textiles tie and dye industries, etc. Pollution of water is correlated
with population density and economic growth. There used to be a time when more
than Ninety per cent of sewage in the city of Jaipur was discharged into the Nallah
untreated. Non-point source pollution from agriculture and urban areas industry
point source pollution contribute to the pollutant load. In addition to this,
this the anthropogenic activities like
irregular and rapid urbanisation,
population growth and deforestation have disturbed the natural cycle of
hydrology. The concerned imbalance in ecology has resulted in uneven dispersal and pattern of rainfall.
The concerned imbalance in ecological has resulted into uneven dispersal and
pattern of rainfall. The study area is bound to face dual challenges of
depleting and increasing water demand simultaneously. The contamination of
water resources has also been increasing due to the development and
modernization. Therefore, in terms of the quantity and quality of this vital
resource threat has been posed at an alarming rate. Moreover the sustainability
of urban environment in the study area has remained questionable as the quality of surface water has
impeded the livability of Jaipur city.
The main culprit of this issue is the industrial processes working
without the administrative consent. The foul smelling of Amanishah Nallah in
addition to its insightfulness has been ascribed to the untreated industrial
discharge of waste water into it. The ever increasing mosquito breeding around
the area is held responsible for making the dwellers vulnerable to health
risks. The spillage of waste water in
consequent upon the blocked drains continuously increase the cost of repairing
of surface roads, hence aggravates the burden on exchequer. The heath situation
further gets confounded owing to the domestic uses of wastewater and into agriculture.
The hotel industry has further aggravated the problem as waste water is let out
in a drain connecting to the sewerage network. |
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| Objective of study | The objectives of the research paper are:
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| Review of Literature | The literature review herein
encompasses chronological and thematic approaches. The review further proves to
be an amalgamation of scholarly writings on the studied area well supported by
online data base, peer reviewed papers, edited books, dissertations and
conference proceedings. Mishra, 1998. was of the view that after independence
of the country, the major concerning issue was of reconstruction of economy.
The urban scenario of the nation was not
provided with much attention and gentrification was worthless to give
heed.. Gupta et al,2006.tried to explain the colonial effect on the urban built
environment in the post colonial city which were influenced by the views of
urban management, planning and perceptions of what remarked proper and rational
land management and city development. Jones,2002 discussed that capital cities
of our country like Delhi, Begaluru or Kolkata have experienced tremendous
growth and the urban planners have failed on the sustainability front. The
authority seemingly failed in context to
figure out the growth pattern of the cities. The loophole kept on the second
line of cities like Ahmedabad and Jaipur in addition to towns as well. Roy,2019
suggested over the vulnerable
marginalized sections owing to the rehabilitation process if understood through
the lens of the Dravyavati River rejuvenation project, the subject remains
unexplored in the Indian scenario. The review aspect in the research has been to the most recent work
in this regard as per author's knowledge. |
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| Methodology |  Figure1: Study area
(Source: JDA, 1990 & JDA, 2011) The present work is very
much dependent on field work and analytic observations.
Previous literature has been of much help for getting an overall view of the
study areas. The approaches have been
landscape and qualitative, descriptive and above all comprehensive discourse analysis.  Study Area The capital city of Rajasthan that is Jaipur is highly populated with urban population with the 24. the national growth in the census 2011.Jaipur city is located at 26°55′ North and 75°49′ East latitude and longitude respectively at an average altitude of 432 m (Dadhich and Hanoka, 2011).It is the capital and the largest city of Indian state of Rajasthan. There lies 88 per cent decadal growth which is higher in the state and also stands higher than the spatial extension of the city lies to the south of the Amber valley primarily in the heart of eastern Rajasthan. Being covered by fortified hills like the Nahargarh in the north where the palatial Amber and Jaigarh forts are located. Jaipur city has a legacy of well coordinated architectural planning since antiquity. Architect Vidyadhar Bhattacharya has been credited with the magnificent design and planning of the city. Initially an area of 481 hectares that gradually grew to 670 hectares extended upto the royal boundaries in the form of walls. A time span of four years were taken to complete the squared roads, major palaces, royal structures etc as per the royal guidelines. Roughly to shelter fifty thousand people the city was built and at present the density of population is more than 58,207 person km2. (Jain, 2015). Apart from the settlement of Jaipur city, Amber and Sanganer Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) covers the area of outskirts of, Bagru, Chomu, Achrol, Bassi, Shivdaspura and Chandlai Jamwa Ramgarh. The research work attempts to assess the groundwater quality in and the vicinity of Amanishah Nallah, once known as River Dravyavati that used to be the lifeline of Jaipur city. Having fork pattern drainage with river Dhund, at major part of Jaipur city is situated at the confluence zone of the river. The prime target of the research is to reveal the causes of depletion and degradation of the aquifer and its socio-economic and ecological implications.Limitations It is a short review based qualitative analytic research. Statistical data based approaches was not inherited in the research process. But this could be a potential future research prospect if analysis processes includes quantitative methods. |
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| Analysis |
Water
Quality assessment of Amanishah Nallah The problem of water pollution has proved to be havoc in the Amanishah Nallah environ. It is becoming worse, especially in the last few decades, but seems to be inadequately reported. The city of Jaipur has experienced unprecedented growth of population and industrialisation beyond optimal limit. Amanishah Nallahh passes through densely populated part of Jaipur region. Surface run-off from severely degraded Amer reserve forest and intense gully erosion of areas in upper catchment of Amanishah Nallah bring silt in the Nallah. Besides the silt from eroded/ degraded hills, the Nallah also receives municipal waste, sewage, garbage and untreated industrial effluents from Vishva Karma Industrial (VKI) area; Jhotwara Industrial area, Baisgodam Industrial area, Sanganer textiles tie and dye industries, etc. Pollution of water is correlated with population density and economic growth. There used to be a time when more than Ninety per cent of sewage in the city of Jaipur was discharged into the Nallah untreated. Non-point source pollution from agriculture and urban areas and industry point source pollution contribute to the pollutant load. Over the last three decades, water pollution has worsened, affecting almost every partof the city. The physic-chemical testing of samples for the parameters like pH, TDS (Mg/Lit.), Nitrate(Mg/Lit.), Ammonia(Mg/Lit.), Electrical conductivity(µs/cm), Total Coliform (CFU/100ml), Alkalinity (Mg/Lit.), Chloride (Mg/Lit.) and Fluoride (Mg/Lit.) was carried out. From the present study, we can see that almost all the drinking water parameters under investigation in the water samples fail to lie within the prescribed or acceptable limit as per BIS or WHO recommendations. Intense supervision is required for the TDS, and nitrate level. From this study, we can recommend that the water samples be treated with lime for neutralising the low pH followed by precipitation or filtration process for removal of fluoride and nitrate. Some parameters may still offer a risk to the consumer.
Fig:2 Water Sampling Stes Source : Self compiled by the author Hence apart from the above mentioned water as essential
amenity, some other amenities that the residents readily ask and often in no
mood of compromise before becoming a part of riparion community are proper
sewerage facility, general waste and litter free environment, water
availability for irrigation and livestock, STPs etc. The following graph gives
the percentage of respondents in the random survey about the above civic
amenities on which their satisfactory index was calculated. Respondents working or living within 500 metres of the riverbank inhabiting within the administrative wards of Bani Park, Civil Lines falling under Vidyadhar Nagar Zone and Mansarover were considered. Moreover Stratified Snowball sampling method was applied to select respondents. With the help of key informants, 80 responses were collected. Oral consent from respondents was taken prior to administering the survey, and participation was voluntary. Three groups of respondents were mainly Senior citizens, Graduate (Male) and Women.
Satisfaction Index: On the basis of physical and social disadvantages affecting the well being of the occupants through the immediate surrounding area of the Dravyavati River the satisfaction index has been calculated. Responses were obtained on of castes, different income groups, civic consciousness etc. According to Hall, Yen and Tan (1975), index of satisfaction is calculated and its value ranges between -1 to +1. Positive value of one indicates maximum level of satisfaction different variables related to general waste and litter free environment, water availability for irrigation and livestock ,STPs, sanitation and sewerage facilities in addition to the uninterrupted water supply etc. have been calculated to obtain the of dissatisfaction of the residents. Social disadvantages also have been assessed by taking the opinion of residents on density of population, heterogeneity and vice a versa. The satisfaction index is derived through the following formula:
From the total 80 respondents/ households, the value of satisfaction index for five parameters surveyed in Dravyavati River environ in administrative wards of Bani Park and Civil Lines and at Mansarover area.
The above table reveals the residents of Mansarover are more satisfied with their quality of living in high rise apartments.
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| Result and Discussion |
Water quality is analysed on the basis of nine parameters. The parameters include total dissolved solid, total hardness, fluoride, nitrate, chloride, sulphide, calcium, magnesium and Iron.It is found from the study that the amount of few constituents has increased in the last five years. Fluoride, nitrate amount has increased in the ground water of district. High amount of both the components are dangerous for human health. It is also observed that the amount of total dissolved solid and total hardness of water beyond permissible limit have increased in the last five year. The amount of Iron is decreased in the last five years in the ground water of Jaipur. The water quality assessment includes analysis of various constituents present in water and its suitability for usage. In domestic sector the high amount of fluoride and nitrogen affects the health of the people. In Jaipur, there are some areas where the amount of fluoride and nitrogen is beyond the acceptable limit. This is matter of concern because the water can be dangerous for the people in this area. The worthiness of surface water resource is poor whereas the ground water resources are found acceptable in some parts and beyond standards in some area of the district. |
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| Conclusion |
The attainment of urban sustainability the removal of encroachment is
the need of hour. The immediate and stringent laws in order to ban on disposal
of untreated waste in the river should be taken. Moreover planned efforts to check
the accelerated run-off and movement of silt from surrounding degraded hills
and gully erosion prone areas must be in the priority list. In addition to this
the activities like revegetation of gully erosion prone areas in Amer hills and
reviving of existing dams and reservoirs along the river in addition to the
construction of more dams/ reservoirs be done. The norms of Pollution Control
Board should be considered and the appropriate locations must be fixed for shifting
of textile tie and dye industry from Sanganer. The water harvesting can work as
catalyst in reviving the under-ground water level if done through abandoned dug
wells. Apart from these, green belt plantations of trees and green recreation
walkways on both sides of the river to ensure prevention of loss of life,
property and groundwater contamination by industrial and sewage effluents shall
be a welcome approach. The depleting ground water table in the area may be
rejuvenated through activities in the form of growing vegetables/ cash crops
and other horticultural activities. Any obstruction in the course of river and
zero encroachment should be observed. |
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| Acknowledgement | The scholar Dr. Satish Kumar Sharma is the awardee of ICSSR Post-Doctoral Fellowship. This paper is largely an outcome of the Post-Doctoral Fellowship sponsored by Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR). However, the responsibility for the facts stated, opinions expressed, and the conclusions drawn is entirely of the author. | ||||||
| References |
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